French

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Pronunciation

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  • Audio:(file)

Noun

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bés m

  1. plural of

Old Irish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Celtic *banssus, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-. According to another theory, the word might derive from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- instead, making it cognate with Albanian besë as an Albanian/Celtic isogloss.[1]

Noun

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bés m (genitive béso)

  1. custom
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4d15
      In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.
      The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit against it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes
  2. manner (customary method of acting; habit)
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 9a14
      Bed adthramli .i. gaibid comarbus for n-athar et intamlid a béssu.
      Be pl fatherlike, i.e. take your father’s heritage and imitate his manners

For more quotations using this term, see Citations:bés.

Declension
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Masculine u-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative bés bésL bésaeH, bésse
Vocative bés bésL bésu, béssu
Accusative bésN bésL bésu, béssu
Genitive bésoH, béessoH bésoL, béessoL bésaeN
Dative bésL bésaib, béssaib bésaib, béssaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
Alternative forms
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Descendants
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  • Irish: béas
  • Scottish Gaelic: beus

Etymology 2

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Adverb

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bés (precedes the verb, which is in the subjunctive)

  1. perhaps
    • c. 850, Carlsruhe Glosses on St Augustine’s Soliloquia, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. 2, pp. 1–9, Acr. 14a2
      Bés as·bera-su as n‑ai⟨n⟩m dosom animus ci at·bela.
      Maybe you would say that animus is its name though it may die.
Derived terms
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  • bésu, béso (combined with the present subjunctive of the copula)

Mutation

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Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
bés bés
pronounced with /β(ʲ)-/
mbés
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

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References

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  1. ^ Trumper, John. "Some Celto‑Albanian isoglosses and their implications." Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond. In honour of Leonardo M. Savoia (2018).

Wolof

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Etymology

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Cognate with Laalaa bées.

Noun

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bés (definite form bés bi)

  1. day