caethiwo
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
From ceithiw (“captivity”) + -o under the influence of caeth (“captive”).
Pronunciation edit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /keɨˈθɪu̯.ɔ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /kei̯ˈθɪu̯.ɔ/
Verb edit
caethiwo (first-person singular present ceithiwaf)
- to enslave
Conjugation edit
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | caethiwaf | caethiwi | caethiwa | caethiwwn | caethiwwch | caethiwant | caethiwir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
caethiwwn | caethiwit | caethiwai | caethiwem | caethiwech | caethiwent | caethiwid | |
| preterite | caethiwais | caethiwaist | caethiwodd | caethiwasom | caethiwasoch | caethiwasant | caethiwwyd | |
| pluperfect | caethiwaswn | caethiwasit | caethiwasai | caethiwasem | caethiwasech | caethiwasent | caethiwasid, caethiwesid | |
| present subjunctive | caethiwwyf | caethiwych | caethiwo | caethiwom | caethiwoch | caethiwont | caethiwer | |
| imperative | — | caethiwa | caethiwed | caethiwwn | caethiwwch | caethiwent | caethiwer | |
| verbal noun | caethiwo | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | caethiwedig caethiwadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | caethiwa i, caethiwaf i | caethiwi di | caethiwith o/e/hi, caethiwiff e/hi | caethiwn ni | caethiwch chi | caethiwan nhw |
| conditional | caethiwn i, caethiwswn i | caethiwet ti, caethiwset ti | caethiwai fo/fe/hi, caethiwsai fo/fe/hi | caethiwen ni, caethiwsen ni | caethiwech chi, caethiwsech chi | caethiwen nhw, caethiwsen nhw |
| preterite | caethiwais i, caethiwes i | caethiwaist ti, caethiwest ti | caethiwodd o/e/hi | caethiwon ni | caethiwoch chi | caethiwon nhw |
| imperative | — | caethiwa | — | — | caethiwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Related terms edit
- caethiwed (“captivity”)
Mutation edit
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| caethiwo | gaethiwo | nghaethiwo | chaethiwo |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
References edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “caethiwo”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies