-o
EnglishEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (UK, General Australian) IPA(key): /əʊ/
- (General American) IPA(key): /oʊ/
- Homophones: o, owe, oh
Etymology 1Edit
Perhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). See one and -y.
SuffixEdit
- A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives.
- 1991, Stephen Fry, chapter III, in The Liar, London: William Heinemann, →ISBN, page 26:
- Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’
Usage notesEdit
-o generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as with cheapo and Jacko. It is often appended to clipped or elided forms of longer words, as with ambo and parmo. Occasionally, the terminal consonent of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of meaning or punctuation, as with uggo and doggo. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with weirdo (“weird person”), or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with wino (“poor or vagrant alcoholic”). Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with bucko and neato. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as rego for registration and nasho for national service) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.
Its meaning is very similar to some uses of -y and its use is particularly common where use of -y might cause misunderstanding, as with randy and rando, journey and journo, whiny and wino.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.
SuffixEdit
-o
- (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.
- no problemo
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Back-formation from typo.
SuffixEdit
-o (plural -os)
- Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.
Derived termsEdit
Derived termsEdit
AfarEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ó
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
AlbanianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ó
- Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb.
- • adverb/preposition: afër (“close, nearby”) (drop of ë) + -o → afro (“bring closer!”)
- • adverb: baraz (“equal”) + -o → barazo (“equalize!”)
- • adverb/preposition: krahas (“arm in arm, side by side”) + -o → krahaso (“compare!”)
- • adjective/adverb: pastër (“clean”) (drop of ë) + -o → pastro (“cleanse!”)
- • noun: zhurmë (drop of ë) + -o → zhurmo (“make a noise, scream!”)
Etymology 2Edit
ParticleEdit
-o
- Alternative form of o
EsperantoEdit
EtymologyEdit
- From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular of Russian (окно (okno))
- Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то (to))
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-o
- Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in -a.)
- -thing. (correlative object ending.)
FinnishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Conflated:
- from Proto-Finnic *-o (forms action/result nouns), from Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -a).
- from Proto-Finnic *-oi (variant/diminutive), from Proto-Uralic *-j (diminutive ending); the -o- is a re-extraction from the suffix being applied to stems ending in -a which was labialized by -j.
SuffixEdit
-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö)
- Forms result or action nouns from verbs.
- Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots.
Usage notesEdit
- Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose citation form ends with -aa or -ää. In stems with e or i, the suffix has its back vowel form, -o.
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -o | -ot | |
| genitive | -on | -ojen | |
| partitive | -oa | -oja | |
| illative | -oon | -oihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -o | -ot | |
| accusative | nom. | -o | -ot |
| gen. | -on | ||
| genitive | -on | -ojen | |
| partitive | -oa | -oja | |
| inessive | -ossa | -oissa | |
| elative | -osta | -oista | |
| illative | -oon | -oihin | |
| adessive | -olla | -oilla | |
| ablative | -olta | -oilta | |
| allative | -olle | -oille | |
| essive | -ona | -oina | |
| translative | -oksi | -oiksi | |
| instructive | — | -oin | |
| abessive | -otta | -oitta | |
| comitative | — | -oineen | |
| Possessive forms of -o (type valo) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -oni | -omme |
| 2nd person | -osi | -onne |
| 3rd person | -onsa | |
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-o
- added to a noun or an adjective after apocope, to create a familiar synonym
Derived termsEdit
GaroEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-o
- (inflectional suffix) forms the locative case
SynonymsEdit
- -no (“forms locative”)
See alsoEdit
GothicEdit
RomanizationEdit
-o
- Romanization of -𐍉
IdoEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.
SuffixEdit
-o
ItalianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Latin -um, accusative of -us.
SuffixEdit
-o (pl. -i, feminine sg. -a, feminine pl. -e)
- Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-o
- Used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-
LatinEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
See Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases).
SuffixEdit
-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension
- forms masculine agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other designations, especially in colloquial language.
- combibere (“to drink together”) → combibō (“drinking buddy”)
- vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) → vāpulō (“who gets frequently flogged”)
- ?cōci- → cōciō (“broker”)
- centuria (“century”) → centuriō (“centurion”)
- mūlus (“mule”) → mūliō (“muleteer”)
- Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “dull, sluggish”) → mōriō (“idiot”)
- also forms names, especially cognomina.
- aquila (“eagle”) → Aquilō (“the North wind”)
- incubāre (“to lie on top”) → Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)
- cūria (“curia”) → Cūriō
- cicer (“chickpea”) → Cicerō
- vārus (“bow-legged”) → Varrō
- catus (“clever, shrewd”) → Catō
- conger (“sea-eel”) → Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)
DeclensionEdit
Third-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ō | -ōnēs |
| Genitive | -ōnis | -ōnum |
| Dative | -ōnī | -ōnibus |
| Accusative | -ōnem | -ōnēs |
| Ablative | -ōne | -ōnibus |
| Vocative | -ō | -ōnēs |
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.
SuffixEdit
-ō (comparative -ius, superlative -issimō)
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 3Edit
From Proto-Italic *-āō or *-aēō, from the following sources:
- Denominative verbs with *-eh₂yéti (e.g. dōnō, pugnō, cūrō)
- Verbs from roots in *-h₁-. (e.g. flō)
- Verbs from roots in *-h₂-. (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō)
- Verbs from roots in *-h₃-. (e.g. dō, lavō, arō)
- By sound laws acting on *-h₂ + *-éh₁yeti. (singular case of stō)
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation
- suffixed to nouns or adjectives — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs
- suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs
- com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)
- prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)
ConjugationEdit
| Conjugation of -ō (first conjugation, verbs with the perfect infix -u-) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -ō | -ās | -at | -āmus | -ātis | -ant |
| imperfect | -ābam | -ābās | -ābat | -ābāmus | -ābātis | -ābant | |
| future | -ābō | -ābis | -ābit | -ābimus | -ābitis | -ābunt | |
| perfect | -uī | -uistī | -uit | -uimus | -uistis | -uērunt, -uēre | |
| pluperfect | -ueram | -uerās | -uerat | -uerāmus | -uerātis | -uerant | |
| future perfect | -uerō | -ueris | -uerit | -uerimus | -ueritis | -uerint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -āssō | -āssis | -āssit | -āssimus | -āssitis | -āssint | |
| passive | present | -or | -āris, -āre |
-ātur | -āmur | -āminī | -antur |
| imperfect | -ābar | -ābāris, -ābāre |
-ābātur | -ābāmur | -ābāminī | -ābantur | |
| future | -ābor | -āberis, -ābere |
-ābitur | -ābimur | -ābiminī | -ābuntur | |
| perfect | -ātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -ātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -ātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -āssor | -āsseris | -āssitur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -em | -ēs | -et | -ēmus | -ētis | -ent |
| imperfect | -ārem | -ārēs | -āret | -ārēmus | -ārētis | -ārent | |
| perfect | -uerim | -uerīs | -uerit | -uerīmus | -uerītis | -uerint | |
| pluperfect | -uissem | -uissēs | -uisset | -uissēmus | -uissētis | -uissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -āssim | -āssīs | -āssīt | -āssīmus | -āssītis | -āssint | |
| passive | present | -er | -ēris, -ēre |
-ētur | -ēmur | -ēminī | -entur |
| imperfect | -ārer | -ārēris, -ārēre |
-ārētur | -ārēmur | -ārēminī | -ārentur | |
| perfect | -ātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -ātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -ā | — | — | -āte | — |
| future | — | -ātō | -ātō | — | -ātōte | -antō | |
| passive | present | — | -āre | — | — | -āminī | — |
| future | — | -ātor | -ātor | — | — | -antor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -āre | -uisse | -ātūrum esse | -ārī, -ārier2 |
-ātum esse | -ātum īrī | |
| participles | -āns | — | -ātūrus | — | -ātus | -andus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -andī | -andō | -andum | -andō | -ātum | -ātū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been").
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
3At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Catalan: -ar
- → English: -ate
- → Ido: -ar
- Italian: -are
- Spanish: -ar
- Old French: -er, -ier
- Sardinian: -are
ReferencesEdit
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 4Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation
- forms regular third-conjugation verbs
ConjugationEdit
| Conjugation of -ō (third conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -unt |
| imperfect | -ēbam | -ēbās | -ēbat | -ēbāmus | -ēbātis | -ēbant | |
| future | -am | -ēs | -et | -ēmus | -ētis | -ent | |
| perfect | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt, -ēre | |
| pluperfect | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant | |
| future perfect | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -int | |
| passive | present | -or | -eris, -ere |
-itur | -imur | -iminī | -untur |
| imperfect | -ēbar | -ēbāris, -ēbāre |
-ēbātur | -ēbāmur | -ēbāminī | -ēbantur | |
| future | -ar | -ēris, -ēre |
-ētur | -ēmur | -ēminī | -entur | |
| perfect | -us + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -us + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -or | -eris | -itur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -am | -ās | -at | -āmus | -ātis | -ant |
| imperfect | -erem | -erēs | -eret | -erēmus | -erētis | -erent | |
| perfect | -erim | -erīs | -erit | -erīmus | -erītis | -erint | |
| pluperfect | -issem | -issēs | -isset | -issēmus | -issētis | -issent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -im | -īs | -īt | -īmus | -ītis | -int | |
| passive | present | -ar | -āris, -āre |
-ātur | -āmur | -āminī | -antur |
| imperfect | -erer | -erēris, -erēre |
-erētur | -erēmur | -erēminī | -erentur | |
| perfect | -us + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -e | — | — | -ite | — |
| future | — | -itō | -itō | — | -itōte | -untō | |
| passive | present | — | -ere | — | — | -iminī | — |
| future | — | -itor | -itor | — | — | -untor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -ere | -isse | -ūrum esse | -ī | -um esse | -um īrī | |
| participles | -ēns | — | -ūrus | — | -us | -endus, -undus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -endī | -endō | -endum | -endō | -um | -ū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been").
Etymology 5Edit
Regularly declined forms of -us.
SuffixEdit
-ō
See alsoEdit
LithuanianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω (óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 (-as).
SuffixEdit
-õ
- Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.
- Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-o
- Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
- Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.
Etymology 3Edit
SuffixEdit
-õ
SynonymsEdit
Lower SorbianEdit
SuffixEdit
-o
- -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
Norwegian NynorskEdit
SuffixEdit
-o
- Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
- (non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
- (archaic)(nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense
Old DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
SuffixEdit
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Middle Dutch: -e
Old High GermanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
SuffixEdit
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
DescendantsEdit
- Middle High German: -e
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Old Norse -i, Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).
SuffixEdit
-o m
- used to form masculine agents from verbs
DeclensionEdit
Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like hano (“cock”), namo (“name”), gomo (“man”).
DescendantsEdit
In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by -er (whence German -er), as in Middle High German gëber instead of Old High German gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.
Old SaxonEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
SuffixEdit
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).
SuffixEdit
-o m
- used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns
DescendantsEdit
- Middle Low German: -e
PolishEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives
- Forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant
See alsoEdit
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- -o in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- -o in Polish dictionaries at PWN
PortugueseEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.
SuffixEdit
-o
- forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō.
SuffixEdit
-o
- forms the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
RomaniEdit
SuffixEdit
-o
- Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
- Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs
RomanianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic.
SuffixEdit
-o
Usage notesEdit
This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.
Related termsEdit
- -e (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns)
SpanishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Latin -um, accusative of -us.
SuffixEdit
-o
- Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-o
- suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
SwedishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-o
- (colloquial) Gives a familiar, and to some extent a diminutive nuance, when combined with an adjective to create a noun referring to a person with a certain property
Etymology 2Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-o
- (archaic) In the indicative mood, conjugates verbs into the plural number.
- de äro
- they are
- vi sutto
- we sat
VolapükEdit
SuffixEdit
-o
Derived termsEdit
WelshEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-o
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-o
- (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present subjunctive
Etymology 3Edit
From Middle Welsh -aw, from Proto-Brythonic *-ọβ̃.
SuffixEdit
-o
Usage notesEdit
This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant i (though for some such verbs, such as cynnig, the verbnoun is given by dropping the i from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable is i, u, eu, or wy.[1]
Related termsEdit
- -io (Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech)
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 iv