Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukucupha
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukucupha
|
ukungacuphi
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
cupha
|
-cuphe
|
Plural
|
cuphani
|
-cupheni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyacupha, ngicupha
|
engicuphayo, engicupha
|
ngicupha
|
angicuphi
|
engingacuphi
|
ngingacuphi
|
2nd singular
|
uyacupha, ucupha
|
ocuphayo, ocupha
|
ucupha
|
awucuphi
|
ongacuphi
|
ungacuphi
|
1st plural
|
siyacupha, sicupha
|
esicuphayo, esicupha
|
sicupha
|
asicuphi
|
esingacuphi
|
singacuphi
|
2nd plural
|
niyacupha, nicupha
|
enicuphayo, enicupha
|
nicupha
|
anicuphi
|
eningacuphi
|
ningacuphi
|
Class 1
|
uyacupha, ucupha
|
ocuphayo, ocupha
|
ecupha
|
akacuphi
|
ongacuphi
|
engacuphi
|
Class 2
|
bayacupha, bacupha
|
abacuphayo, abacupha
|
becupha
|
abacuphi
|
abangacuphi
|
bengacuphi
|
Class 3
|
uyacupha, ucupha
|
ocuphayo, ocupha
|
ucupha
|
awucuphi
|
ongacuphi
|
ungacuphi
|
Class 4
|
iyacupha, icupha
|
ecuphayo, ecupha
|
icupha
|
ayicuphi
|
engacuphi
|
ingacuphi
|
Class 5
|
liyacupha, licupha
|
elicuphayo, elicupha
|
licupha
|
alicuphi
|
elingacuphi
|
lingacuphi
|
Class 6
|
ayacupha, acupha
|
acuphayo, acupha
|
ecupha
|
awacuphi
|
angacuphi
|
engacuphi
|
Class 7
|
siyacupha, sicupha
|
esicuphayo, esicupha
|
sicupha
|
asicuphi
|
esingacuphi
|
singacuphi
|
Class 8
|
ziyacupha, zicupha
|
ezicuphayo, ezicupha
|
zicupha
|
azicuphi
|
ezingacuphi
|
zingacuphi
|
Class 9
|
iyacupha, icupha
|
ecuphayo, ecupha
|
icupha
|
ayicuphi
|
engacuphi
|
ingacuphi
|
Class 10
|
ziyacupha, zicupha
|
ezicuphayo, ezicupha
|
zicupha
|
azicuphi
|
ezingacuphi
|
zingacuphi
|
Class 11
|
luyacupha, lucupha
|
olucuphayo, olucupha
|
lucupha
|
alucuphi
|
olungacuphi
|
lungacuphi
|
Class 14
|
buyacupha, bucupha
|
obucuphayo, obucupha
|
bucupha
|
abucuphi
|
obungacuphi
|
bungacuphi
|
Class 15
|
kuyacupha, kucupha
|
okucuphayo, okucupha
|
kucupha
|
akucuphi
|
okungacuphi
|
kungacuphi
|
Class 17
|
kuyacupha, kucupha
|
okucuphayo, okucupha
|
kucupha
|
akucuphi
|
okungacuphi
|
kungacuphi
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngicuphile, ngicuphē
|
engicuphile, engicuphē
|
ngicuphile, ngicuphē
|
angicuphanga
|
engingacuphanga
|
ngingacuphanga
|
2nd singular
|
ucuphile, ucuphē
|
ocuphile, ocuphē
|
ucuphile, ucuphē
|
awucuphanga
|
ongacuphanga
|
ungacuphanga
|
1st plural
|
sicuphile, sicuphē
|
esicuphile, esicuphē
|
sicuphile, sicuphē
|
asicuphanga
|
esingacuphanga
|
singacuphanga
|
2nd plural
|
nicuphile, nicuphē
|
enicuphile, enicuphē
|
nicuphile, nicuphē
|
anicuphanga
|
eningacuphanga
|
ningacuphanga
|
Class 1
|
ucuphile, ucuphē
|
ocuphile, ocuphē
|
ecuphile, ecuphē
|
akacuphanga
|
ongacuphanga
|
engacuphanga
|
Class 2
|
bacuphile, bacuphē
|
abacuphile, abacuphē
|
becuphile, becuphē
|
abacuphanga
|
abangacuphanga
|
bengacuphanga
|
Class 3
|
ucuphile, ucuphē
|
ocuphile, ocuphē
|
ucuphile, ucuphē
|
awucuphanga
|
ongacuphanga
|
ungacuphanga
|
Class 4
|
icuphile, icuphē
|
ecuphile, ecuphē
|
icuphile, icuphē
|
ayicuphanga
|
engacuphanga
|
ingacuphanga
|
Class 5
|
licuphile, licuphē
|
elicuphile, elicuphē
|
licuphile, licuphē
|
alicuphanga
|
elingacuphanga
|
lingacuphanga
|
Class 6
|
acuphile, acuphē
|
acuphile, acuphē
|
ecuphile, ecuphē
|
awacuphanga
|
angacuphanga
|
engacuphanga
|
Class 7
|
sicuphile, sicuphē
|
esicuphile, esicuphē
|
sicuphile, sicuphē
|
asicuphanga
|
esingacuphanga
|
singacuphanga
|
Class 8
|
zicuphile, zicuphē
|
ezicuphile, ezicuphē
|
zicuphile, zicuphē
|
azicuphanga
|
ezingacuphanga
|
zingacuphanga
|
Class 9
|
icuphile, icuphē
|
ecuphile, ecuphē
|
icuphile, icuphē
|
ayicuphanga
|
engacuphanga
|
ingacuphanga
|
Class 10
|
zicuphile, zicuphē
|
ezicuphile, ezicuphē
|
zicuphile, zicuphē
|
azicuphanga
|
ezingacuphanga
|
zingacuphanga
|
Class 11
|
lucuphile, lucuphē
|
olucuphile, olucuphē
|
lucuphile, lucuphē
|
alucuphanga
|
olungacuphanga
|
lungacuphanga
|
Class 14
|
bucuphile, bucuphē
|
obucuphile, obucuphē
|
bucuphile, bucuphē
|
abucuphanga
|
obungacuphanga
|
bungacuphanga
|
Class 15
|
kucuphile, kucuphē
|
okucuphile, okucuphē
|
kucuphile, kucuphē
|
akucuphanga
|
okungacuphanga
|
kungacuphanga
|
Class 17
|
kucuphile, kucuphē
|
okucuphile, okucuphē
|
kucuphile, kucuphē
|
akucuphanga
|
okungacuphanga
|
kungacuphanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngācupha
|
engācupha
|
ngācupha
|
angicuphanga
|
engingacuphanga
|
ngingacuphanga
|
2nd singular
|
wācupha
|
owācupha
|
wācupha
|
awucuphanga
|
ongacuphanga
|
ungacuphanga
|
1st plural
|
sācupha
|
esācupha
|
sācupha
|
asicuphanga
|
esingacuphanga
|
singacuphanga
|
2nd plural
|
nācupha
|
enācupha
|
nācupha
|
anicuphanga
|
eningacuphanga
|
ningacuphanga
|
Class 1
|
wācupha
|
owācupha
|
ācupha
|
akacuphanga
|
ongacuphanga
|
engacuphanga
|
Class 2
|
bācupha
|
abācupha
|
bācupha
|
abacuphanga
|
abangacuphanga
|
bengacuphanga
|
Class 3
|
wācupha
|
owācupha
|
wācupha
|
awucuphanga
|
ongacuphanga
|
ungacuphanga
|
Class 4
|
yācupha
|
eyācupha
|
yācupha
|
ayicuphanga
|
engacuphanga
|
ingacuphanga
|
Class 5
|
lācupha
|
elācupha
|
lācupha
|
alicuphanga
|
elingacuphanga
|
lingacuphanga
|
Class 6
|
ācupha
|
ācupha
|
ācupha
|
awacuphanga
|
angacuphanga
|
engacuphanga
|
Class 7
|
sācupha
|
esācupha
|
sācupha
|
asicuphanga
|
esingacuphanga
|
singacuphanga
|
Class 8
|
zācupha
|
ezācupha
|
zācupha
|
azicuphanga
|
ezingacuphanga
|
zingacuphanga
|
Class 9
|
yācupha
|
eyācupha
|
yācupha
|
ayicuphanga
|
engacuphanga
|
ingacuphanga
|
Class 10
|
zācupha
|
ezācupha
|
zācupha
|
azicuphanga
|
ezingacuphanga
|
zingacuphanga
|
Class 11
|
lwācupha
|
olwācupha
|
lwācupha
|
alucuphanga
|
olungacuphanga
|
lungacuphanga
|
Class 14
|
bācupha
|
obācupha
|
bācupha
|
abucuphanga
|
obungacuphanga
|
bungacuphanga
|
Class 15
|
kwācupha
|
okwācupha
|
kwācupha
|
akucuphanga
|
okungacuphanga
|
kungacuphanga
|
Class 17
|
kwācupha
|
okwācupha
|
kwācupha
|
akucuphanga
|
okungacuphanga
|
kungacuphanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingacupha
|
—
|
ngingacupha
|
ngingecuphe
|
—
|
ngingecuphe
|
2nd singular
|
ungacupha
|
—
|
ungacupha
|
ungecuphe
|
—
|
ungecuphe
|
1st plural
|
singacupha
|
—
|
singacupha
|
singecuphe
|
—
|
singecuphe
|
2nd plural
|
ningacupha
|
—
|
ningacupha
|
ningecuphe
|
—
|
ningecuphe
|
Class 1
|
angacupha
|
—
|
engacupha
|
angecuphe
|
—
|
engecuphe
|
Class 2
|
bangacupha
|
—
|
bengacupha
|
bangecuphe
|
—
|
bengecuphe
|
Class 3
|
ungacupha
|
—
|
ungacupha
|
ungecuphe
|
—
|
ungecuphe
|
Class 4
|
ingacupha
|
—
|
ingacupha
|
ingecuphe
|
—
|
ingecuphe
|
Class 5
|
lingacupha
|
—
|
lingacupha
|
lingecuphe
|
—
|
lingecuphe
|
Class 6
|
angacupha
|
—
|
engacupha
|
angecuphe
|
—
|
engecuphe
|
Class 7
|
singacupha
|
—
|
singacupha
|
singecuphe
|
—
|
singecuphe
|
Class 8
|
zingacupha
|
—
|
zingacupha
|
zingecuphe
|
—
|
zingecuphe
|
Class 9
|
ingacupha
|
—
|
ingacupha
|
ingecuphe
|
—
|
ingecuphe
|
Class 10
|
zingacupha
|
—
|
zingacupha
|
zingecuphe
|
—
|
zingecuphe
|
Class 11
|
lungacupha
|
—
|
lungacupha
|
lungecuphe
|
—
|
lungecuphe
|
Class 14
|
bungacupha
|
—
|
bungacupha
|
bungecuphe
|
—
|
bungecuphe
|
Class 15
|
kungacupha
|
—
|
kungacupha
|
kungecuphe
|
—
|
kungecuphe
|
Class 17
|
kungacupha
|
—
|
kungacupha
|
kungecuphe
|
—
|
kungecuphe
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizocupha
|
engizocupha
|
ngizocupha
|
angizucupha
|
engingezucupha
|
ngingezucupha
|
2nd singular
|
uzocupha
|
ozocupha
|
uzocupha
|
awuzucupha
|
ongezucupha
|
ungezucupha
|
1st plural
|
sizocupha
|
esizocupha
|
sizocupha
|
asizucupha
|
esingezucupha
|
singezucupha
|
2nd plural
|
nizocupha
|
enizocupha
|
nizocupha
|
anizucupha
|
eningezucupha
|
ningezucupha
|
Class 1
|
uzocupha
|
ozocupha
|
ezocupha
|
akazucupha
|
ongezucupha
|
engezucupha
|
Class 2
|
bazocupha
|
abazocupha
|
bezocupha
|
abazucupha
|
abangezucupha
|
bengezucupha
|
Class 3
|
uzocupha
|
ozocupha
|
uzocupha
|
awuzucupha
|
ongezucupha
|
ungezucupha
|
Class 4
|
izocupha
|
ezocupha
|
izocupha
|
ayizucupha
|
engezucupha
|
ingezucupha
|
Class 5
|
lizocupha
|
elizocupha
|
lizocupha
|
alizucupha
|
elingezucupha
|
lingezucupha
|
Class 6
|
azocupha
|
azocupha
|
ezocupha
|
awazucupha
|
angezucupha
|
engezucupha
|
Class 7
|
sizocupha
|
esizocupha
|
sizocupha
|
asizucupha
|
esingezucupha
|
singezucupha
|
Class 8
|
zizocupha
|
ezizocupha
|
zizocupha
|
azizucupha
|
ezingezucupha
|
zingezucupha
|
Class 9
|
izocupha
|
ezocupha
|
izocupha
|
ayizucupha
|
engezucupha
|
ingezucupha
|
Class 10
|
zizocupha
|
ezizocupha
|
zizocupha
|
azizucupha
|
ezingezucupha
|
zingezucupha
|
Class 11
|
luzocupha
|
oluzocupha
|
luzocupha
|
aluzucupha
|
olungezucupha
|
lungezucupha
|
Class 14
|
buzocupha
|
obuzocupha
|
buzocupha
|
abuzucupha
|
obungezucupha
|
bungezucupha
|
Class 15
|
kuzocupha
|
okuzocupha
|
kuzocupha
|
akuzucupha
|
okungezucupha
|
kungezucupha
|
Class 17
|
kuzocupha
|
okuzocupha
|
kuzocupha
|
akuzucupha
|
okungezucupha
|
kungezucupha
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyocupha
|
engiyocupha
|
ngiyocupha
|
angiyucupha
|
engingeyucupha
|
ngingeyucupha
|
2nd singular
|
uyocupha
|
oyocupha
|
uyocupha
|
awuyucupha
|
ongeyucupha
|
ungeyucupha
|
1st plural
|
siyocupha
|
esiyocupha
|
siyocupha
|
asiyucupha
|
esingeyucupha
|
singeyucupha
|
2nd plural
|
niyocupha
|
eniyocupha
|
niyocupha
|
aniyucupha
|
eningeyucupha
|
ningeyucupha
|
Class 1
|
uyocupha
|
oyocupha
|
eyocupha
|
akayucupha
|
ongeyucupha
|
engeyucupha
|
Class 2
|
bayocupha
|
abayocupha
|
beyocupha
|
abayucupha
|
abangeyucupha
|
bengeyucupha
|
Class 3
|
uyocupha
|
oyocupha
|
uyocupha
|
awuyucupha
|
ongeyucupha
|
ungeyucupha
|
Class 4
|
iyocupha
|
eyocupha
|
iyocupha
|
ayiyucupha
|
engeyucupha
|
ingeyucupha
|
Class 5
|
liyocupha
|
eliyocupha
|
liyocupha
|
aliyucupha
|
elingeyucupha
|
lingeyucupha
|
Class 6
|
ayocupha
|
ayocupha
|
eyocupha
|
awayucupha
|
angeyucupha
|
engeyucupha
|
Class 7
|
siyocupha
|
esiyocupha
|
siyocupha
|
asiyucupha
|
esingeyucupha
|
singeyucupha
|
Class 8
|
ziyocupha
|
eziyocupha
|
ziyocupha
|
aziyucupha
|
ezingeyucupha
|
zingeyucupha
|
Class 9
|
iyocupha
|
eyocupha
|
iyocupha
|
ayiyucupha
|
engeyucupha
|
ingeyucupha
|
Class 10
|
ziyocupha
|
eziyocupha
|
ziyocupha
|
aziyucupha
|
ezingeyucupha
|
zingeyucupha
|
Class 11
|
luyocupha
|
oluyocupha
|
luyocupha
|
aluyucupha
|
olungeyucupha
|
lungeyucupha
|
Class 14
|
buyocupha
|
obuyocupha
|
buyocupha
|
abuyucupha
|
obungeyucupha
|
bungeyucupha
|
Class 15
|
kuyocupha
|
okuyocupha
|
kuyocupha
|
akuyucupha
|
okungeyucupha
|
kungeyucupha
|
Class 17
|
kuyocupha
|
okuyocupha
|
kuyocupha
|
akuyucupha
|
okungeyucupha
|
kungeyucupha
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngicuphe
|
ngingacuphi
|
2nd singular
|
ucuphe
|
ungacuphi
|
1st plural
|
sicuphe
|
singacuphi
|
2nd plural
|
nicuphe
|
ningacuphi
|
Class 1
|
acuphe
|
angacuphi
|
Class 2
|
bacuphe
|
bangacuphi
|
Class 3
|
ucuphe
|
ungacuphi
|
Class 4
|
icuphe
|
ingacuphi
|
Class 5
|
licuphe
|
lingacuphi
|
Class 6
|
acuphe
|
angacuphi
|
Class 7
|
sicuphe
|
singacuphi
|
Class 8
|
zicuphe
|
zingacuphi
|
Class 9
|
icuphe
|
ingacuphi
|
Class 10
|
zicuphe
|
zingacuphi
|
Class 11
|
lucuphe
|
lungacuphi
|
Class 14
|
bucuphe
|
bungacuphi
|
Class 15
|
kucuphe
|
kungacuphi
|
Class 17
|
kucuphe
|
kungacuphi
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngacupha
|
ngangacupha, angacupha, angangacupha
|
2nd singular
|
wacupha
|
wangacupha, awacupha, awangacupha
|
1st plural
|
sacupha
|
sangacupha, asacupha, asangacupha
|
2nd plural
|
nacupha
|
nangacupha, anacupha, anangacupha
|
Class 1
|
wacupha
|
wangacupha, akacupha, akangacupha
|
Class 2
|
bacupha
|
bangacupha, abacupha, abangacupha
|
Class 3
|
wacupha
|
wangacupha, awacupha, awangacupha
|
Class 4
|
yacupha
|
yangacupha, ayacupha, ayangacupha
|
Class 5
|
lacupha
|
langacupha, alacupha, alangacupha
|
Class 6
|
acupha
|
angacupha, awacupha, awangacupha
|
Class 7
|
sacupha
|
sangacupha, asacupha, asangacupha
|
Class 8
|
zacupha
|
zangacupha, azacupha, azangacupha
|
Class 9
|
yacupha
|
yangacupha, ayacupha, ayangacupha
|
Class 10
|
zacupha
|
zangacupha, azacupha, azangacupha
|
Class 11
|
lwacupha
|
lwangacupha, alwacupha, alwangacupha
|
Class 14
|
bacupha
|
bangacupha, abacupha, abangacupha
|
Class 15
|
kwacupha
|
kwangacupha, akwacupha, akwangacupha
|
Class 17
|
kwacupha
|
kwangacupha, akwacupha, akwangacupha
|