kꜣhs

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /kɑhɛs/
  • Conventional anglicization: kahes

Verb

 4-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) harsh
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.11–1.12:

     ḫr (tw)r n(j) ḥr r dfꜣ jb jmꜣ n.f kꜣhs r mwt.f

     One who is averted of face against feeding the heart (i.e. one who doesn’t indulge himself), the harsh man has to be more kindly to him than his (own) mother.

Inflection

Conjugation of kꜣhs (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: kꜣhs

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
kꜣhs	kꜣhsw, kꜣhs	kꜣhst	kꜣhs	kꜣhs

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
kꜣhs	ḥr kꜣhs	m kꜣhs	r kꜣhs

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	kꜣhs.n	consecutive	kꜣhs.jn
terminative	kꜣhst
perfective3	kꜣhs	obligative1	kꜣhs.ḫr
imperfective	kꜣhs
prospective3	kꜣhsw, kꜣhs	potentialis1	kꜣhs.kꜣ
subjunctive	kꜣhs

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	kꜣhs.n	—	—
perfective	kꜣhs	kꜣhs	kꜣhs, kꜣhsw5, kꜣhsy5
imperfective	kꜣhs, kꜣhsy, kꜣhsw5	kꜣhs, kꜣhsj6, kꜣhsy6	kꜣhs, kꜣhsw5
prospective	kꜣhs, kꜣhstj7	kꜣhswtj1 4, kꜣhstj4, kꜣhst4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 261.