nugara
Lithuanian
edit
Etymology
editCompare Latvian mugura (“back”); the Latvian term apparently underwent an irregular sound shift n- > m-, based on the existence of Finnish nukero (“ridge”), which was borrowed from Baltic. Further etymology outside of Baltic unclear, owing to the words' strange phonetic structure, as well as the Lithuanian term's fixed (columnar) accent.[1]
These words have been compared to Proto-Slavic *mogyla (“mound”), as words for "back" are often related to landscape terms. However, this connection could only hold if the Baltic and Slavic terms are independently borrowed from a common substrate language, since regular sound changes are not observed.[2]
Endzelins alternatively assumes a proto-form *gnugara, which he tentatively connects to Old Norse kniúkr (“rounded mountain peak”), Norwegian knoka (“ankle; knuckle”), which appear to be related to Proto-Germanic *knukilaz (“knuckle; knot”).[3]
Pronunciation
editNoun
editnùgara f (plural nùgaros) stress pattern 1[4]
Declension
edit| singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | nùgara | nùgaros |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | nùgaros | nùgarų |
| dative (naudininkas) | nùgarai | nùgaroms |
| accusative (galininkas) | nùgarą | nùgaras |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | nùgara | nùgaromis |
| locative (vietininkas) | nùgaroje | nùgarose |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | nùgara | nùgaros |
Derived terms
edit(Nouns)
References
edit- ^ Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “nùgara”, in Słownik etymologiczny je̜zyka litewskiego[1] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 429
- ^ “nùgara” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–); p. 817 in ALEW 1.1 (online, 2019).
- ^ Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “nùgara”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume I, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 510
- ^ “nugara” in Balčikonis, Juozas et al. (1954), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.
- ^ “nugara” in Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN
Further reading
edit- “nugara”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2024
- “nugara”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2024