Wiktionary

back

See also: Back, back-, and bäck

English

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English Wikipedia has articles on:
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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle English bak, from Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to bend”). The adverb represents an aphetic form of aback.

Compare Middle Low German bak (“back”), from Old Saxon bak, and West Frisian bekling (“chair back”), Old High German bah, Swedish and Norwegian bak. Cognate with German Bache (“sow [adult female hog]”).

Adjective

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back (not generally comparable, comparative more back, superlative most back)

  1. At or near the rear.
    Go in the back door of the house.
    • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIX, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
      Nothing was too small to receive attention, if a supervising eye could suggest improvements likely to conduce to the common welfare. Mr. Gordon Burnage, for instance, personally visited dust-bins and back premises, accompanied by a sort of village bailiff, going his round like a commanding officer doing billets.
  2. (predicative) Returned or restored to a previous place or condition.
    He was on vacation, but now he’s back.
    The office fell into chaos when you left, but now order is back.
  3. Not current.
    I’d like to find a back issue of that magazine.
  4. Situated away from the main or most frequented areas.
    They took a back road.
    He lives out in the back country.
  5. In arrears; overdue.
    They still owe three months’ back rent.
    • 1980 December 20, David Lamble, “Workers, Owners Battle It Out At SF Gay Hotel”, in Gay Community News, volume 8, number 22, page 9:
      Several of the former Hotel York workers have filed with the California Labor Division to collect what they feel is owed them in the way of back overtime.
  6. Moving or operating backward.
    back action
  8. (comparable, phonetics) Pronounced with the highest part of the body of the tongue toward the back of the mouth, near the soft palate (most often describing a vowel).
    The vowel of lot has a back vowel in most dialects of England.
Usage notes
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In linguistic use describing the position of the tongue, the comparative backer and superlative backest are usual; these may also be occasionally found for other senses, especially informally.

Synonyms
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Antonyms
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  • (antonym(s) of “near the rear, phonetics”): front
  • (antonym(s) of “not current”): current
  • (antonym(s) of “away from the main area”): main (of roads)
Translations
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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked
See also
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Adverb

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back (comparative further back, superlative furthest back)

  1. (not comparable) To or in a previous condition or place.
    He gave back the money.
    I left my mobile phone back at the hotel. I’ll have to go back and get it.
    • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:
      We drove back to the office with some concern on my part at the prospect of so large a case. Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.
    • 2013 June 8, “The new masters and commanders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 52:
      From the ground, Colombo’s port does not look like much. Those entering it are greeted by wire fences, walls dating back to colonial times and security posts. For mariners leaving the port after lonely nights on the high seas, the delights of the B52 Night Club and Stallion Pub lie a stumble away.
  2. In a direction opposite to that in which someone or something is facing or normally pointing.
    Someone pushed me in the chest and I fell back.
    The grandfather clock toppled back and crashed to the ground.
    Her arm was bent back at an odd angle.
  3. In a direction opposite to the usual or desired direction of movement or progress, physically or figuratively.
    Wind the film back a few frames.
    Don’t forget to put the clocks back by one hour tonight!
    This mishap has set the project back considerably.
  4. Towards, into or in the past.
    These records go back years.
    He built a time machine and travelled back to 1800.
    Think back to how you felt last year.
    Everything was simpler back in the old days.
  5. Away from someone or something; at a distance.
    Keep back! It could explode at any moment!
  6. Away from the front or from an edge.
    Sit all the way back in your chair.
    Step back from the curb.
    • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:
      Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path […]. It twisted and turned, […] and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn. And, back of the lawn, was a big, old-fashioned house, with piazzas stretching in front of it, and all blazing with lights. 'Twas the house I'd seen the roof of from the beach.
  7. So as to shrink, recede or move aside, or cause to do so.
    This tree is dying back.
    Clear back all this vegetation.
    Draw back the curtains and let in some light.
  8. In a manner that impedes.
    Fear held him back.
  9. (not comparable) In a reciprocal manner; in return.
    If you hurt me, I’ll hurt you back.
    The light bounces back off the mirror.
    • 2006 May 9, Penn Jillette, Michael Goudeau, quoting Pat, 34:52 from the start, in Penn Radio‎[1]:
      I was at Park Safari Africa in Canada on the Canadian border. This was years ago outside of Plattsburgh, New York. And I had a new car at the time, and I was driving through, going through the monkey area. And they said 'beware of the monkeys.' So about ten of them circled my car. And this one special one, like he was the leader of the pack, jumped up on the hood and came right up to the windshield and looked in. So I was like making faces at him. [garbled] 'don't do that!' And believe it or not, he made like a face back. He jumped off the car. He took his fingernails and he peeled all the chrome on both sides of my car off. Picked it up, jumped on the hood, dropped it and left- looked at me and left.
  10. (postpositive) Earlier, ago.
    We met many years back.
    I last saw him a day or two back.
    • 1822, John Woods, Two Years' Residence in the Settlement on the English Prairie, in the Illinois Country, United States, page 138:
      Our road was chiefly through woods, and part of it lay through the Hurricane-track, that is where a strong wind, some years back, opened a passage through the woods for a mile in breadth...
  11. To a later point in time. See also put back.
    The meeting has been moved back an hour. It was at 3 o’clock; now it's at 4 o’clock.
Derived terms
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Translations
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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Noun

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A Japanese man's tattooed back (late 19th century). The lower portion (below the waist sash) is generally known by other names, such as the "butt" or "backside".
 
A bodybuilder flexing her back muscles.
 
A Vietnamese woman in a backless outfit.

back (plural backs)

  2. The rear of the body, especially the part between the neck and the end of the spine and opposite the chest and belly.
    Could you please scratch my back?
    • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:
      It was not far from the house; but the ground sank into a depression there, and the ridge of it behind shut out everything except just the roof of the tallest hayrick. As one sat on the sward behind the elm, with the back turned on the rick and nothing in front but the tall elms and the oaks in the other hedge, it was quite easy to fancy it the verge of the prairie with the backwoods close by.
    1. The spine and associated tissues.
      I hurt my back lifting those crates.
    2. (slang, uncountable) Large and attractive buttocks.
    3. (figurative) The part of a piece of clothing which covers the back.
      I still need to finish the back of your dress.
    5. The backrest, the part of a piece of furniture which receives the human back.
      Can you fix the back of this chair?
    6. (obsolete) That part of the body that bears clothing. (Now used only in the phrase clothes on one's back.)
  3. That which is farthest away from the front.
    He sat in the back of the room.
    1. The side of any object which is opposite the front or useful side.
      Turn the book over and look at the back.
      2. The edge of a book which is bound.
        The titles are printed on the backs of the books.
      3. (printing) The inside margin of a page.
        • 1841, William Savage, A Dictionary of the Art of Printing, Ayer Publishing, published 1965, →ISBN, page 472:
          Convenience and custom have familiarised us to the printed page being a little higher than the middle of the leaf, and to its having a little more margin at the fore edge than in the back.
      4. The side of a blade opposite the side used for cutting.
        Tap it with the back of your knife.
    2. The reverse side; the side that is not normally seen.
      I hung the clothes on the back of the door.
    3. Area behind, such as the backyard of a house.
      We’ll meet out in the back of the library.
    4. The part of something that goes last.
      The car was near the back of the train.
    5. (sports) In some team sports, a position behind most players on the team.
      The backs were lined up in an I formation.
      • 2010 December 28, Kevin Darlin, “West Brom 1-3 Blackburn”, in BBC:
        […] Rovers were also aided by some poor defending from West Brom, whose lapses at the back undid their excellent work on the ball and condemned Roberto di Matteo's Baggies side to a third straight defeat.
  4. (figuratively) The upper part of a natural object which is considered to resemble an animal’s back.
    The small boat raced over the backs of the waves.
  5. A support or resource in reserve.
  6. (nautical) The keel and keelson of a ship.
    The ship’s back broke in the pounding surf.
  7. (mining) The roof of a horizontal underground passage.
    • 1911, Robert Bruce Brinsmade, Mining Without Timber, page 161:
      The stope is kept full of broken ore, sufficient only being drawn to leave a working space between the floor of broken ore and the back of the stope.
  8. (slang, uncountable) Effort, usually physical.
    Put some back into it!
  9. A non-alcoholic drink (often water or a soft drink), to go with hard liquor or a cocktail.
    Could I get a martini with a water back?
  10. Among leather dealers, one of the thickest and stoutest tanned hides.
    • 1848, Maine Supreme Judicial Court, Maine Reports, volume 6, page 397:
      […] as delivered by a tanner the average weight of a back and two strips would be about 42 pounds […].
  11. (swimming) Clipping of backstroke.
Synonyms
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  • (side opposite the visible side): reverse
  • (rear of the body): dorsum
  • (bound edge of book): spine
Antonyms
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  • (antonym(s) of “side opposite the front or useful side”): front
  • (antonym(s) of “that which is farthest away from the front”): front
Hyponyms
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Coordinate terms
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Derived terms
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terms derived from the noun "back"
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Translations
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the rear of body
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

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back (third-person singular simple present backs, present participle backing, simple past and past participle backed)

  1. (intransitive) To go in the reverse direction.
    The train backed into the station.
    The horse refuses to back.
    • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:
      Thinks I to myself, “Sol, you’re run off your course again. This is a rich man’s summer ‘cottage’  […].” So I started to back away again into the bushes. But I hadn’t backed more’n a couple of yards when I see something so amazing that I couldn’t help scooching down behind the bayberries and looking at it.
  2. (transitive) To support.
    I back you all the way.
    Which horse are you backing in this race?
    • 2012 June 9, Owen Phillips, “Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, in BBC Sport:
      And Netherlands, backed by a typically noisy and colourful travelling support, started the second period in blistering fashion and could have had four goals within 10 minutes
    • 2022 September 15, “China lodges complaint as U.S. Senate panel advances Taiwan bill”, in Reuters‎[2], archived from the original on 15 September 2022, Asia Pacific:
      The Senate Foreign Relations Committee backed the Taiwan Policy Act of 2022 by 17-5, despite concerns about the bill in U.S. President Joe Biden's administration and anger about the measure from Beijing.
  3. (nautical, of the wind) To change direction contrary to the normal pattern; that is, to shift anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere, or clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
  4. (nautical, of a square sail) To brace the yards so that the wind presses on the front of the sail, to slow the ship.
  5. (nautical, of an anchor) To lay out a second, smaller anchor to provide additional holding power.
  6. (UK, of a hunting dog) To stand still behind another dog which has pointed.
  7. (transitive) To push or force backwards.
    to back oxen
    The mugger backed her into a corner and demanded her wallet.
    • 1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 279:
      The soil seems to be very good; the creek runs through the reserve, and has a dam thrown across it, which backs the water for a very considerable distance, and enables them to irrigate a portion of their cultivation block.
  8. (transitive, obsolete) To get upon the back of; to mount.
    • c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:
      I will back him [a horse] straight.
    • 1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:
      The horse was the grey stallion he aye rode, the very beast he had ridden for many a wager with the wild lads of the Cross Keys. No man but himself durst back it, and it had lamed many a hostler lad and broke two necks in its day.
  9. (transitive, obsolete) To place or seat upon the back.
  10. To make a back for; to furnish with a back.
    to back books
  11. To adjoin behind; to be at the back of.
    • c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:
      He hath a garden circummured with brick,
      Whose western side is with a vineyard backed
    • 1877, Thomas Henry Huxley, Physiography: An Introduction to the Study of Nature:
      the chalk cliffs which back the beach
    • 1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter IV, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:
      So this was my future home, I thought! […] Backed by towering hills, the but faintly discernible purple line of the French boundary off to the southwest, a sky of palest Gobelin flecked with fat, fleecy little clouds, it in truth looked a dear little city; the city of one’s dreams.
    • 1960 December, Voyageur, “The Mountain Railways of the Bernese Oberland”, in Trains Illustrated, page 752:
      So we continue climbing to the saddle of the Kleine Scheidegg, where ahead there comes into view the wide expanse of the Grindelwald valley, backed by the snowy crown of the Wetterhorn.
  12. To write upon the back of, possibly as an endorsement.
    to back a letter;  to back a note or legal document
  13. (law, of a justice of the peace) To sign or endorse (a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender).
  14. To row backward with (oars).
    to back the oars
  15. (MLE, transitive) To draw from behind the back (a knife etc.) (as also back out).
    • 2017 August 4, “Sticks and Stones”‎[3]performed by Zone 2 (Kwengface x Trizzac x PS):
      Sticks and Stones may break my bones
      Not when I back this botty
    • 2020 August 13, TwoLzz (lyrics and music), “TwentyTwo”‎[4], 1:14–1:18:
      When I back this blade, wallahi
      The hearts get beat like they just saw jihadi
  16. (Nigeria, transitive) To carry an infant on one’s back.
Antonyms
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  • (antonym(s) of “nautical: of the wind”): veer
Derived terms
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Terms derived from the adjective, adverb, noun, or verb back
Translations
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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 2

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Borrowed from French bac.

Noun

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back (plural backs)

  1. A large shallow vat; a cistern, tub, or trough, used by brewers, distillers, dyers, picklers, gluemakers, and others, for mixing or cooling wort, holding water, hot glue, etc.
  2. A ferryboat.
Translations
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Czech

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English back.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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back m anim

  1. (sports, obsolete) back
    Synonyms: obránce, zadák
    Antonyms: útočník, forward
    • 1904, František K. Hejda with et al., Praha ve dne v noci: zajímavosti a zvláštnosti ze źivota staré a nové Prahy‎[5], volume 1, P. Körber, page 70:
      Forward útočí na branku nepřátel podporován jsa zálohou, a backové s brankářem proti tomu mají čeliti útokům forwardu nepřátelského.
      Forward line attack the opponent's goal, being supported by midfielders, and backs with the goalkeeper are supposed to face the attacks of the opponent's forward line.
    • 1997, Kronika českého fotbalu‎[6], volume 1, page 196:
      Sparta má proslulý forward, a ten tak uvykl na svou proslulost, že se nesnaží ani trainovat, že opovrhuje běháním, že se spoléhá na znamenitou, ale pomalou kombinaci, že vlastně už zapomněl běhat, chodit mezi backy a vystavovat se nebezpečí, že svůj goal zaplatí snad nějakým tím klepnutím do choulostivých končetin.
      Sparta has a renowned forward line, which got used to its fame so much, that they do not take pains to train, despise running, rely on excellent but slow combination, that they forgot how to run, go among the backs and put themselves in danger of being hit into sensitive limbs.

Declension

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Declension of back (velar masculine animate)
singular plural
nominative back baci, backové
genitive backa backů
dative backovi, backu backům
accusative backa backy
vocative backu baci, backové
locative backovi, backu bacích
instrumental backem backy

Noun

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back m inan

  1. (sports, rare) defense
    Synonym: obrana
    Antonym: útok
    • 1986, Vladimír Valenta, Power play‎[7], Polygon:
      Na backu všechno odřeme, to křídlo, to je jiný: chrápe na modrý čáře a čeká, až mu to někdo bouchne.
      In the defense we do all the hard work, while the wing is different: they snore at the blue line and wait until somebody passes it to them.

Declension

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Declension of back (sg-only velar masculine inanimate)
singular
nominative back
genitive backu
dative backu
accusative back
vocative backu
locative backu
instrumental backem

Further reading

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  • “back”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
  • “back”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

French

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English back.

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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back

  1. (Louisiana, Missouri, Cajun, Acadia) back
    Dis trois je vous salue Marie, et je veux point te voir icitte back à voler du plywood.
    Say three hail Maries, and I don't want to see you back here stealing plywood.

German

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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back

  1. inflection of backen:
    1. second-person singular imperative
    2. (colloquial) first-person singular present indicative

Middle English

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Noun

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back

  1. Alternative form of bak (“back”)

Swedish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From English back.

Noun

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back c

  1. back; position behind most players on the team
  2. reverse; car gear
Declension
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Declension of back
nominative genitive
singular indefinite back backs
definite backen backens
plural indefinite backar backars
definite backarna backarnas

Adverb

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back (not comparable)

  1. backwards (often of machines, engines, etc., or in commands)
  2. (in "gå back") to lose (usually money)
    gå 1000 kr back på en affär
    lose 1000 SEK on a deal
  3. (in "ligga back") to be at a deficit (usually of money)

Etymology 2

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From German Back.

Noun

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back c

  1. crate; storage of small goods
    Hypernym: lastbärare
    Hyponym: läskback
Declension
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Declension of back
nominative genitive
singular indefinite back backs
definite backen backens
plural indefinite backar backars
definite backarna backarnas

References

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