pnꜥ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈpaːnaʕ/ → /ˈpaːnaʕ/ → /ˈpaːnəʕ/ → /ˈpoːnəʕ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈpaːnaʕ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈpaːnaʕ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈpaːnəʕ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈpoːnəʕ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /pɛnɑː/
  • Conventional anglicization: pena

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to overturn

Inflection

Conjugation of pnꜥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: pnꜥ, geminated stem: pnꜥꜥ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
pnꜥ	pnꜥw, pnꜥ	pnꜥt	pnꜥ	pnꜥ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
pnꜥ	ḥr pnꜥ	m pnꜥ	r pnꜥ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	pnꜥ.n	pnꜥw, pnꜥ	consecutive	pnꜥ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	pnꜥt
perfective3	pnꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	pnꜥ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	pnꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	pnꜥ	pnꜥꜥ	potentialis1	pnꜥ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	pnꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	pnꜥ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	pnꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	pnꜥ	pnꜥ, pnꜥw5, pnꜥy5
imperfective	pnꜥ, pnꜥy, pnꜥw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	pnꜥ, pnꜥj6, pnꜥy6	pnꜥ, pnꜥw5
prospective	pnꜥ, pnꜥtj7	—	pnꜥtj4, pnꜥt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲉ (poune)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ⲡⲱⲱⲛⲓ (pōōni)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲱⲱⲛⲉ (pōōne), ⲡⲱⲛⲉ (pōne)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 311.