Egyptian
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Etymology
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From an (unattested) reduplication of nšm (“to cut”) prefixed with s- (causative prefix).
Pronunciation
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caus. 5-lit.
- (transitive) to sharpen, to file
Inflection
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Conjugation of snšmšm (causative quinquiliteral / caus. 5-lit. / caus. 5rad.) — base stem: snšmšm
infinitival forms
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imperative
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infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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snšmšm
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snšmšmw, snšmšm
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snšmšmt
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snšmšm
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snšmšm
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suffix conjugation
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aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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perfect
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snšmšm.n
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snšmšmw, snšmšm
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consecutive
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snšmšm.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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terminative
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snšmšmt
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perfective3
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snšmšm
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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snšmšm.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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imperfective
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snšmšm
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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prospective3
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snšmšmw, snšmšm, snšmšmy
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snšmšmw, snšmšm, snšmšmy
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potentialis1
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snšmšm.kꜣ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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subjunctive
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snšmšm
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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verbal adjectives
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aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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active
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passive
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active
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passive
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perfect
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snšmšm.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
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—
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perfective
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snšmšm
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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snšmšm
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snšmšm, snšmšmw5, snšmšmy5
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imperfective
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snšmšm, snšmšmy, snšmšmw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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snšmšm, snšmšmj6, snšmšmy6
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snšmšm, snšmšmw5
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prospective
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snšmšm, snšmšmtj7
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—
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snšmšmwtj1 4, snšmšmtj4, snšmšmt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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References
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- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 158.