Egyptian
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Etymology
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s- (causative prefix) + wꜣḏ (“to be green, to be fresh”).
Pronunciation
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caus. 3-lit.
- (transitive) to make green
- (transitive) to freshen
Inflection
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Conjugation of swꜣḏ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swꜣḏ
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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swꜣḏ
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swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ
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swꜣḏt
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swꜣḏ
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swꜣḏ
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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swꜣḏ
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ḥr swꜣḏ
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m swꜣḏ
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r swꜣḏ
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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swꜣḏ.n
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swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ
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consecutive
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swꜣḏ.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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swꜣḏt
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| perfective3
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swꜣḏ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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swꜣḏ.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| imperfective
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swꜣḏ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| prospective3
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swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy
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swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy
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potentialis1
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swꜣḏ.kꜣ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
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swꜣḏ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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swꜣḏ.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
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—
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| perfective
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swꜣḏ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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swꜣḏ
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swꜣḏ, swꜣḏw5, swꜣḏy5
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| imperfective
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swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy, swꜣḏw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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swꜣḏ, swꜣḏj6, swꜣḏy6
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swꜣḏ, swꜣḏw5
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| prospective
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swꜣḏ, swꜣḏtj7
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—
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swꜣḏwtj1 4, swꜣḏtj4, swꜣḏt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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Derived terms
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References
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- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 337.
