Egyptian
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Etymology
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s- (causative prefix) + wꜥb (“to be clean”).
Pronunciation
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caus. 3-lit.
- (transitive) to clean, to purify
Inflection
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Conjugation of swꜥb (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swꜥb
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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swꜥb
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swꜥbw, swꜥb
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swꜥbt
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swꜥb
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swꜥb
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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swꜥb
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ḥr swꜥb
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m swꜥb
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r swꜥb
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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swꜥb.n
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swꜥbw, swꜥb
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consecutive
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swꜥb.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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swꜥbt
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| perfective3
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swꜥb
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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swꜥb.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| imperfective
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swꜥb
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| prospective3
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swꜥbw, swꜥb, swꜥby
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swꜥbw, swꜥb, swꜥby
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potentialis1
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swꜥb.kꜣ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
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swꜥb
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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swꜥb.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
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—
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| perfective
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swꜥb
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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swꜥb
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swꜥb, swꜥbw5, swꜥby5
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| imperfective
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swꜥb, swꜥby, swꜥbw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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swꜥb, swꜥbj6, swꜥby6
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swꜥb, swꜥbw5
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| prospective
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swꜥb, swꜥbtj7
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—
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swꜥbwtj1 4, swꜥbtj4, swꜥbt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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References
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- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 250.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 93
