直筆
Chinese edit
straight; vertical; frank straight; vertical; frank; directly; straightly; upright |
pen; pencil; writing brush pen; pencil; writing brush; to write or compose; the strokes of Chinese characters | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (直筆) | 直 | 筆 | |
simp. (直笔) | 直 | 笔 | |
anagram | 筆直/笔直 |
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
直筆
- (literary, of a court historian) to record something in an honest and straightforward manner, without embellishment or omission
Antonyms edit
Japanese edit
Etymology 1 edit
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
直 | 筆 |
じき Grade: 2 |
ひつ Grade: 3 |
on’yomi |
- /dikipitu/ → /dikifitu/ → /d͡ʑikihit͡su/
From Middle Chinese compound 直筆/直笔 (drik pit, literally “straight, direct + writing”). Compare modern Mandarin 直筆/直笔 (zhíbǐ, “an honest story, a straightforward account of something”).
This reading uses the goon of jiki for the first character and the kan'on of hitsu for the second character, possibly suggesting an innovation in the reading within Japanese after the initial borrowing.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
直筆 • (jikihitsu) ←ぢきひつ (dikifitu)?
- the act of writing something oneself by hand
- the resulting handwritten document or writing:
- one's own handwriting
- a holograph, an autograph (something written by oneself, not just one's signature)
Synonyms edit
Verb edit
直筆する • (jikihitsu suru) ←ぢきひつ (dikifitu)?suru (stem 直筆し (jikihitsu shi), past 直筆した (jikihitsu shita))
Conjugation edit
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 直筆し | じきひつし | jikihitsu shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 直筆し | じきひつし | jikihitsu shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 直筆する | じきひつする | jikihitsu suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 直筆する | じきひつする | jikihitsu suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 直筆すれ | じきひつすれ | jikihitsu sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 直筆せよ¹ 直筆しろ² |
じきひつせよ¹ じきひつしろ² |
jikihitsu seyo¹ jikihitsu shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 直筆される | じきひつされる | jikihitsu sareru | |
Causative | 直筆させる 直筆さす |
じきひつさせる じきひつさす |
jikihitsu saseru jikihitsu sasu | |
Potential | 直筆できる | じきひつできる | jikihitsu dekiru | |
Volitional | 直筆しよう | じきひつしよう | jikihitsu shiyō | |
Negative | 直筆しない | じきひつしない | jikihitsu shinai | |
Negative continuative | 直筆せず | じきひつせず | jikihitsu sezu | |
Formal | 直筆します | じきひつします | jikihitsu shimasu | |
Perfective | 直筆した | じきひつした | jikihitsu shita | |
Conjunctive | 直筆して | じきひつして | jikihitsu shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 直筆すれば | じきひつすれば | jikihitsu sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Etymology 2 edit
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
直 | 筆 |
ちょく Grade: 2 |
ひつ Grade: 3 |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese compound 直筆/直笔 (drik pit, literally “straight, direct + writing”). Compare modern Mandarin 直筆/直笔 (zhíbǐ, “an honest story, a straightforward account of something”).
This reading uses the kan'on for both characters, suggesting either a later borrowing of the term as a whole, or a shift in reading influenced by other later borrowings.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
直筆 • (chokuhitsu)
- an honest and straightforward record of something, without embellishment or omission
- holding a brush vertically when writing to use the tip of the brush
- the act of writing something oneself by hand
- the resulting handwritten document or writing:
- one's own handwriting
- a holograph, an autograph (something written by oneself, not just one's signature)
Usage notes edit
For the writing oneself senses, this reading appears to be less common than jikihitsu above.
Antonyms edit
- (antonym(s) of “honest record”): 曲筆 (kyokuhitsu): an embellished story, a tall tale
- (antonym(s) of “vertical brush”): 側筆 (sokuhitsu): holding a brush at an angle to use the body of the brush
Verb edit
直筆する • (chokuhitsu suru) suru (stem 直筆し (chokuhitsu shi), past 直筆した (chokuhitsu shita))
- to record something in an honest and straightforward manner, without embellishment or omission
- to hold a brush vertically when writing to use the tip of the brush
- to write something oneself by hand
Usage notes edit
For the write oneself sense, this reading appears to be less common than jikihitsu above.
Conjugation edit
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 直筆し | ちょくひつし | chokuhitsu shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 直筆し | ちょくひつし | chokuhitsu shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 直筆する | ちょくひつする | chokuhitsu suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 直筆する | ちょくひつする | chokuhitsu suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 直筆すれ | ちょくひつすれ | chokuhitsu sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 直筆せよ¹ 直筆しろ² |
ちょくひつせよ¹ ちょくひつしろ² |
chokuhitsu seyo¹ chokuhitsu shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 直筆される | ちょくひつされる | chokuhitsu sareru | |
Causative | 直筆させる 直筆さす |
ちょくひつさせる ちょくひつさす |
chokuhitsu saseru chokuhitsu sasu | |
Potential | 直筆できる | ちょくひつできる | chokuhitsu dekiru | |
Volitional | 直筆しよう | ちょくひつしよう | chokuhitsu shiyō | |
Negative | 直筆しない | ちょくひつしない | chokuhitsu shinai | |
Negative continuative | 直筆せず | ちょくひつせず | chokuhitsu sezu | |
Formal | 直筆します | ちょくひつします | chokuhitsu shimasu | |
Perfective | 直筆した | ちょくひつした | chokuhitsu shita | |
Conjunctive | 直筆して | ちょくひつして | chokuhitsu shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 直筆すれば | ちょくひつすれば | chokuhitsu sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Antonyms edit
- (antonym(s) of “honest record”): 曲筆 (kyokuhitsu): to write an embellished story, to write a tall tale
- (antonym(s) of “vertical brush”): 側筆 (sokuhitsu): to hold a brush at an angle to use the body of the brush