kaana
Kikuyu edit
Etymology edit
Hinde (1904) records kana (pl. twana) as an equivalent of English child in “Jogowini dialect” of Kikuyu, listing also “Ulu dialect” (spoken then from Machakos to coastal area) of Kamba kana (pl. twana) and “Nganyawa dialect” (spoken then in Kitui District) of Kamba gana (pl. twana) as its equivalents.[1]
Pronunciation edit
- As for Tonal Class, Benson (1964) classifies this term into Class 3 with a disyllabic stem, together with kĩhaato, mbembe, kiugo, and so on.
- (Kiambu)
- (Limuru) As for Tonal Class, Yukawa (1981) classifies this term into a group including bũrũri (pl. mabũrũri), ikara, ikinya, itimũ, kanitha (pl. makanitha), kiugo, kĩhaato, maguta, mũgeka, mũkonyo, mũrata, mwana, mbembe, mbũri, nyaga, riitho, riũa, rũrĩmĩ (pl. nĩmĩ), ũhoro (pl. mohoro), and so on.[2]
Noun edit
kaana class 12 (plural twana)
Derived terms edit
(Proverbs)
Related terms edit
(Nouns)
- mwana class 1
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Hinde, Hildegarde (1904). Vocabularies of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa, pp. 12–3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Yukawa, Yasutoshi (1981). "A Tentative Tonal Analysis of Kikuyu Nouns: A Study of Limuru Dialect." In Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 22, 75–123.
- “kaana” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Northern Ohlone edit
Alternative forms edit
- kāna (Harrington's orthography)
Etymology edit
Compare Southern Ohlone kaan (“I”).
Pronoun edit
kaana (objective kiš, possessive ek-, enclitic subject -ek)
- I (first-person, singular, subject pronoun)
See also edit
Northern Ohlone personal pronouns
Number | Person | Subject | Object | Possesive | ||||
Disjunctive1 | Proclitic |
Enclitic | Disjunctive1 | Proclitic | Enclitic | |||
Singular | First | kaana | ek- | -ek, -k | kiš, kaaniš | kiš- | -kiš | ek-, kaanak |
Second | meene | em-, im- | -em, -im, -m | miš | emiš-, imiš-, miš- | -miš | em-, meenem | |
Third | waaka | Ø-2 | -Ø2 | wiš | Ø-2, eš- | -Ø2, -eš | i-, waakai- | |
Plural | First | makkin | mak- | -mak | makkiš, makkinše | — | — | mak-, makkinmak |
Second | makkam | kam- | -kam | makkamše | — | — | kam-, makkam | |
Third | waakamak | ya- | -ya | yaṭiš | — | — | ya-, waakamak | |
1Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). 2Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine an undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle + -eš + -ek |
References edit
María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)[1], Unpublished