-k

See also: Appendix:Variations of "k"

English edit

Etymology edit

From Middle English -ken, -kien, from Old English -cian, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukōn, *-ikōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ukōną, *-ikōną. Cognate with West Frisian -kje, German -chen, Danish -ke, Swedish -ka, Faroese -ka. Perhaps related to Old English diminutive suffix -uc, -oc. More at -ock.

Suffix edit

-k

(rare, no longer productive) A suffix found in words of Middle English, Old English, usually with an intensive or frequentative effect.
tale, talk; steal, stalk; mire, mirk; hear, hark; fare, firk; peer, perk; yare, yark; gaw, gawk; well~weal~wale, walk

Abenaki edit

Suffix edit

-k

A suffix used to form the plurals of some animate words.
tmakwa (“beaver”) → tmakwak (“beavers”)

Usage notes edit

Used to form the plurals of almost all words that end in a, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
See the usage notes at -ak.

Afar edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /-k/

Suffix edit

-k

Marks the ablative case: from
Marks the elative case: out of
Marks the perlative case: via, through
Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
Marks the subject of a comparison: than
(+ én) Marks the material from which an object is made: -en

References edit

Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 361

Basque edit

Alternative forms edit

-ek (after consonants)

Etymology edit

Unknown. Unrelated to the adverbial suffixes -ki and -ka.^[1]

Suffix edit

-k

Ergative indefinite suffix.

Declension edit

Basque inflectional suffixes
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek	-ok
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim.	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
inessive	inanim.	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim.	―	―	―	―
locative	inanim.	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim.	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
allative	inanim.	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim.	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
terminative	inanim.	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim.	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
directive	inanim.	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim.	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
destinative	inanim.	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim.	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
ablative	inanim.	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

References edit

^ “-k (2)” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk.

Chuukese edit

Suffix edit

-k

(added to verbs) you (in the singular, indirect object suffix)

Estonian edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Finnic *-kkoi. Cognate with Finnish -kko.

Suffix edit

-k (genitive -ku, partitive -kut)

Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
1. a single instance of an action
  minema (“to go”) → minek (“a going”)
  
  ründama (“to attack”) → rünnak (“an attack”)
2. the object of an action
  õppima (“to study”) → õpik (“textbook”)

Declension edit

Declension of -k (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-k	-kud
accusative	nom.	-k
accusative	gen.	-ku
genitive		-ku	-kute
partitive		-kut	-kuid
illative		-kusse	-kutesse -kuisse
inessive		-kus	-kutes -kuis
elative		-kust	-kutest -kuist
allative		-kule	-kutele -kuile
adessive		-kul	-kutel -kuil
ablative		-kult	-kutelt -kuilt
translative		-kuks	-kuteks -kuiks
terminative		-kuni	-kuteni
essive		-kuna	-kutena
abessive		-kuta	-kuteta
comitative		-kuga	-kutega

Derived terms edit

Estonian terms suffixed with -k

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Finnic *-kkei. Cognate with Finnish -kki.

Suffix edit

-k (genitive -ki, partitive -kit)

Derives nouns from verbs denoting an instrument of action.
sõitma (“to drive”) → sõiduk (“vehicle”)

hõljuma (“to hover”) → hõljuk (“hovercraft”)

tõstma (“to raise”) → tõstuk (“lift”)

Declension edit

Declension of -k (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-k	-kid
accusative	nom.	-k
accusative	gen.	-ki
genitive		-ki	-kite
partitive		-kit	-keid
illative		-kisse	-kitesse -keisse
inessive		-kis	-kites -keis
elative		-kist	-kitest -keist
allative		-kile	-kitele -keile
adessive		-kil	-kitel -keil
ablative		-kilt	-kitelt -keilt
translative		-kiks	-kiteks -keiks
terminative		-kini	-kiteni
essive		-kina	-kitena
abessive		-kita	-kiteta
comitative		-kiga	-kitega

Derived terms edit

Estonian terms suffixed with -k

Etymology 3 edit

May be the same as etymology 2.

Suffix edit

-k (genitive -gi, partitive -ki)

Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
1. the result of an action
  jääma (“to remain”) → jääk (“residue, remainder”)
  
  saama (“to receive”) → saak (“yield”)
2. the object of an action
  sööma (“to eat”) → söök (“food”)
  
  jooma (“to drink”) → jook (“drink, beverage”)

Finnish edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /-k/, [-k]

Particle edit

-k (dialectal)

(Southwest, enclitic) Alternative form of -ko
Löytyyk mittä? Are you finding anything?

Synonyms edit

-ko (standard)

Hungarian edit

Etymology edit

Probably related to Northern Mansi -ыг (-yg, “dual suffix”).

Suffix edit

-k

(plural suffix) -s, -es
‎hajó (“ship”) + ‎-k → ‎hajók (“ships”)

‎alma (“apple”) + ‎-k → ‎almák (“apples”)

‎mese (“fairy tale”) + ‎-k → ‎mesék (“fairy tales”)
(personal suffix) Denotes the first-person singular present tense in verb suffixes for all moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive).
ír (“to write”) →
írok (“I write, I am writing”)

írnék (“I would write”)

írjak (“I should write”)
(obsolete) Diminutive suffix.
lélek (“soul”)

fészek (“nest”)
(obsolete, instantaneous verb-forming suffix) Part of only a few verbs and suffixes, such as reszket, serken, sikolt, szerkeszt, -kol/-kel/-köl, -kod/-ked/-köd, -dokol/-dekel/-dököl.

Usage notes edit

(plural suffix) Variants:
-k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
‎nő (“woman”) + ‎-k → ‎nők (“women”)

‎fa (“tree”) + ‎-k → ‎fák (“trees”)

‎csésze (“cup”) + ‎-k → ‎csészék (“cups”)

-ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
‎ház (“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak (“houses”)

-ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
‎pad (“bench”) + ‎-ok → ‎padok (“benches”)

-ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)

‎könyv (“book”) + ‎-ek → ‎könyvek (“books”)

-ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
‎kör (“circle”) + ‎-ök → ‎körök (“circles”)

Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).

Ilocano edit

Pronoun edit

{head|ilo|pronoun}}

Alternative form of -ko (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)

Ingrian edit

Alternative forms edit

-ko

Etymology edit

Reduced form of -ka. The familiar meaning is probably influenced by Russian -ка (-ka).

Pronunciation edit

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-k/, [-k]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-k/, [-k]

Particle edit

-k

Added to the indicative of a verb, used to form the interrogative aspect.
- 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:
  Töötk siä meille hoomukseel?
  Will you come to us tomorrow?
Added to an imperative of a verb, used to form a familiar request.
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
  Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.
  Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.
Added to the indicative or the potential of a verb, used to form the deliberative aspect.
- 1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. J. Molotsova, Loonnontiito oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
  Näijen kamppanioin hyväst veemisest rippuu se, jot saammak möö täl vootta ohto leipää, ruuhtija ja toisia maatalohusproduktoja, saammakse ohto saahkaraa ja materiaa.
  On the good carrying out of these campaigns depends whether this year we get enough bread, vegetables and other agricultural products, whether we get enough sugar and fabric.
(rare) Alternative form of -ka, -kä (“and not”)
- 1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor, Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:
  Se poika mäni vahtii, heittiis makkaamaa eik nähnyt varasta.
  The boy went to the guard, threw himself and didn't see the thief.
  (Note: The spelling has been normalised in accordance with the literary Ingrian language.)

Usage notes edit

In the interrogative and deliberative functions, when added to a verb form ending in the consonant -t, the full forms -ka and -kä may be used.

Synonyms edit

(deliberative): -kse

References edit

Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[2], →ISBN, page 18

Inupiaq edit

Suffix edit

-k

dual number in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and dual -k depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting

Kashubian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьkъ.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): //

Suffix edit

-k

forms masculine diminutive nouns
forms masculine nouns from verbs
‎susac (“to suck”) + ‎-k → ‎susk (“mammal”)

Usage notes edit

Palatalises a preceding velar:
‎groch + ‎-k → ‎groszk

Derived terms edit

Kashubian terms suffixed with -k

Lower Sorbian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Suffix edit

-k m

used on masculine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms edit

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -k

Maltese edit

Alternative forms edit

-ek, -ok

Etymology edit

From Arabic ـكَ m (-ka), ـكِ f (-ki).

Suffix edit

-k

2nd-person singular pronominal suffix: your, you
Synonym: tiegħek (only in possessive use)

‎sħab (“friends”) + ‎-k → ‎sħabek (“your (singular) friends”)

‎taħt (“under”) + ‎-k → ‎taħtek (“under you (singular)”)

‎jinsa (“he forgets”) + ‎-k → ‎jinsiek (“he forgets you (singular)”)

Related terms edit

int

Mohawk edit

Suffix edit

-k

continuative suffix

References edit

Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 442
Akwiratékha’ Martin (2018) Tekawennahsonterónnion - Kanien’kéha Morphology, Kahnawà:ke: Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, page 92

Northern Ohlone edit

Etymology edit

Compare Southern Ohlone -ka.

Pronoun edit

-k

I (first-person, singular, subject pronoun)
- 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes:
  nommok roote
  here I am

References edit

María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎^[3], Unpublished

Ojibwe edit

Suffix edit

-k

Alternative form of -g in the conjunct form of d-final inanimate instransitive verbs (vii)
A suffix denoting the second-person plural to third person singular imperative form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with a Cw ending

Usage notes edit

In d-final intransitive inanimate verbs (vii), the final d merges with -g to produce -k.

Old Norse edit

Alternative forms edit

ek

Pronoun edit

-k (enclitic)

enclitic form of ek
‎hafða + ‎-k → ‎hafðak

‎em + ‎-k → ‎emk
- 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:
  Þat veitk bezt / und bláum himni
  kenninafn, / svát konungr eigi […]
  I know that the best / nickname
  under the blue sky / that a king might have […]

Old Uyghur edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-k.

Suffix edit

-k or -q or -wk or -wq (-k or -q or -ük or -uq)

Forms deverbal nouns and adjectives.
‎pʾdw (bedü-, “to grow”) + ‎-k → ‎pʾdwk (bedük, “big, huge; high”)

Derived terms edit

Old Uyghur terms suffixed with -k

References edit

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page xliv
Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation‎^[4], volume I, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 224
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “+Uk”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Onondaga edit

Suffix edit

-k

continuative suffix

References edit

Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 104

Turkish edit

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal	-ık	-ik	-uk	-ük
postvocalic	-k

Suffix edit

-k

Post-vocalic form of -ık.
‎iste- (“to want”) + ‎-k → ‎istek (“request, want”)

‎dile- (“to wish”) + ‎-k → ‎dilek (“wish, desire”)

Upper Sorbian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Suffix edit

-k m

Used to form diminutives of masculine nouns.

Derived terms edit

Upper Sorbian terms suffixed with -k

Veps edit

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Particle edit

-k

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “а, ли”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[5], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Yoruba edit

Suffix edit

-k

Used when an ordinal number is written with Arabic numerals. Often considered an abbreviation of k-, but can be used with non-k-ordinal numbers.
kejì → 2k

ogún → 20k

[1] “-k (2)” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk.

[1]

Number	Person	Subject			Object			Possesive
Number	Person	Disjunctive¹	Proclitic	Enclitic	Disjunctive¹	Proclitic	Enclitic	Possesive
Singular	First	kaana	ek-	-ek, -k	kiš, kaaniš	kiš-	-kiš	ek-, kaanak
	Second	meene	em-, im-	-em, -im, -m	miš	emiš-, imiš-, miš-	-miš	em-, meenem
	Third	waaka	Ø-²	-Ø²	wiš	Ø-², eš-	-Ø², -eš	i-, waakai-
Plural	First	makkin	mak-	-mak	makkiš, makkinše	—	—	mak-, makkinmak
	Second	makkam	kam-	-kam	makkamše	—	—	kam-, makkam
	Third	waakamak	ya-	-ya	yaṭiš	—	—	ya-, waakamak
¹Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). ²Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine an undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek

-k

English edit

Etymology edit

Suffix edit

Abenaki edit

Suffix edit

Usage notes edit

Afar edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

References edit

Basque edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Suffix edit

Declension edit

References edit

Chuukese edit

Suffix edit

Estonian edit

Etymology 1 edit

Suffix edit

Declension edit

Derived terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Suffix edit

Declension edit

Derived terms edit

Etymology 3 edit

Suffix edit

Finnish edit

Pronunciation edit

Particle edit

Synonyms edit

Hungarian edit

Etymology edit

Suffix edit

Usage notes edit

See also edit

Ilocano edit

Pronoun edit

See also edit

Ingrian edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Particle edit

Usage notes edit

Synonyms edit

References edit

Inupiaq edit

Suffix edit

Kashubian edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

Usage notes edit

Derived terms edit

Lower Sorbian edit

Etymology edit

Suffix edit

Derived terms edit

Maltese edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Suffix edit

Related terms edit

Mohawk edit

Suffix edit

References edit

Northern Ohlone edit

Etymology edit

Pronoun edit

See also edit

References edit

Ojibwe edit

Suffix edit

Usage notes edit

See also edit

Old Norse edit