i-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "i"

English edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Middle English i-, y-, ȝe-, from Old English ġe-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱó-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, near, by, along”). Cognate with Dutch ge-, Low German ge-, je-, e-, German ge-.

Prefix edit

i-

(obsolete) Used to form past participles of verbs. Alternative spelling of y-

Etymology 2 edit

From Latin ī-, assimilated form of in- used before g-.

Prefix edit

i-

A form of the prefix in-, used before gn, as in ignoble, ignominy, and ignore.

Synonyms edit

(not): a-, an-, dys-, il-/im-/in-/ir-, mal-, non-, un-

Etymology 3 edit

Prefix edit

i-

(Jamaica) Used to transform English words into words used by Rastafarians with a special meaning.

Etymology 4 edit

Popularized in the name of the iMac line of computers (1998).

Prefix edit

i-

Alluding to the Internet.
Coordinate terms: cyber-; e-
Alluding to digital devices and computer programs, especially those that are cutting-edge or fashionable, and those from Apple.
Coordinate term: (alluding to McDonald's) Mc-

‎i- + ‎pod → ‎iPod

‎i- + ‎phone → ‎iPhone

‎i- + ‎gen → ‎iGen
- 1999 November 1, Melissa August, “Ad Infinitum”, in Time, volume 154, page 39:
  I-WHAT?! Seems everyone's ripping off the iMac idea. Take this parody ad for the fruity-colored “iBrator” at sleeplessknights.com.
- 2011, Scotty Smith, Everyday Prayers: 365 Days to a Gospel-Centered Faith, Baker Books, →ISBN, page 178:
  In our “iWorld” of new gadgets and cool widgets, help us to ponder the reality that over half of the population on the earth exists on three of our American dollars, or less, a day.

Derived terms edit

English terms prefixed with i-

Choctaw edit

Pronunciation edit

(first-person, we): IPA^(key): /iː/

Prefix edit

ī- (before vowels il-, class I first-person plural)

the subject of an active transitive verb
we
the subject of an active intransitive verb
we

Inflection edit

Choctaw Person Markers


			class I			class II		class III		class N		imperative
			+s	+C	+V	+C/i	+a/o	+C	+V	+C	+V	+C	+V
first-person	singular	initial	-li			sa-	si-	a̱-	am-	ak-		n/a
	singular	medial	-li			sa-	si-	-sa-	-sam-	ak-
	paucal		ī-		il-	pi-		pi̱-	pim-	kī-	kil-
	plural		ī-		il-	hapi-		hapi̱-	hapim-	kī-	kil-
second-person	singular		is-	ish-		chi-		chi̱-	chim-	chik-		∅
second-person	plural		has-	hash-		hachi-		hachi̱-	hachim-	hachik-		ho-	oh-
third-person			∅			∅		i̱-	im-	ik-

Curripaco edit

Prefix edit

i-

second person plural agent marker

References edit

Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN, page 398

Esperanto edit

Etymology edit

The i vowel common to other correlatives, such as ki- and ti-, without the defining consonant.

Pronunciation edit

Audio (file)

Prefix edit

i-

Any-, some-. (Indeterminate correlative prefix.)

Derived terms edit

Esperanto terms prefixed with i-

iu (“some individual, someone, somebody”)
io (“some object, something”)
ia (“some kind of”)
ies (“belonging to some person, someone's”)
iel (“some manner/degree, somehow”)
ie (“some place, somewhere”)
iam (“some time, sometime”)
iom (“some quantity, some of”)
ial (“for some reason”)

Italian edit

Etymology edit

Assimilated form of in-, before s- + consonant.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /i/
Hyphenation: i-

Prefix edit

i-

Alternative form of in-

Japhug edit

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /i/

Prefix edit

i-

(Kamnyu) our (plural possessive)

Derived terms edit

Japhug terms prefixed with i-

Kambera edit

Pronoun edit

i-

Alternative form of mi-

Latin edit

Etymology edit

Assimilated form of in-, before gn-.

Prefix edit

i-

Alternative form of in-

Malagasy edit

Prefix edit

i-

prefix element of i- -ana

Middle English edit

Etymology edit

From Old English ġe-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-.

Prefix edit

i-

Alternative form of y-

Mohawk edit

Prefix edit

i-

translocative, indicating motion away from the speaker
epenthetic vowel added to certain verb forms
Alternative form of ka- (before o- and on-stems)

References edit

Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 11
Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, pages 105, 173

Northern Ndebele edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

they; class 4 subject concord.

Etymology 2 edit

Contracted from earlier ili-, from Proto-Bantu *dɪ́-, plus augment. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *ì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

Prefix edit

i-

Class 5 noun prefix; form of ili- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 3 edit

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

Etymology 4 edit

Prefix edit

i-

Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

Old English edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Germanic *iz.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /iː/

Prefix edit

Ī-

same, selfsame

Derived terms edit

Old English terms prefixed with i-

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /i/

Prefix edit

I-

Alternative form of ġe-

Phuthi edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

they; class 4 subject concord.

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

Prefix edit

i-

Class 9 noun prefix.

Etymology 3 edit

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

Etymology 4 edit

Prefix edit

i-

Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

Portuguese edit

Prefix edit

i-

Alternative form of in-, used before l, m and n.

Southern Ndebele edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

they; class 4 subject concord.

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

Spanish edit

Prefix edit

i-

Alternative form of in-, used before l.

Swahili edit

Other scripts
Ajami	اِيْـ

Etymology edit

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́- and Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i-

it, they; mi class_(IV)/n class_(IX) subject concord
- 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎^[1], translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 12:
  هُيُوِ دُنِيَ اِيْنَ غُرُرِ ، دِيَ زَتَتَسِ هُزَدَمَيِْ،
  Huyui dunia ina ghururi? ndia za-tatasi huzandamaye?
  This world is deceitful, why follow its ways?
verb-initial form of -i- (“it, them; mi class_(IV)/n class_(IX) object concord”)

Swazi edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

they; class 4 subject concord.

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

Tagalog edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *i-.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ʔi/, [ʔɪ]

Prefix edit

i- (Baybayin spelling ᜁ)

benefactive trigger: to perform the action of the verb for someone or something (expresses various kinds of actions)
‎i- + ‎bili (“buy”) → ‎ibili (“to buy something for someone”)

Ibili mo ako ng saging.
Buy me bananas.
object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions)
‎i- + ‎tapon (“throw”) → ‎itapon (“to throw”)

Itapon mo iyan sa basurahan.
Throw that to the garbage.
instrumental trigger: to use something for a certain purpose (expresses various kinds of actions)
‎i- + ‎sulat (“write”) → ‎isulat (“to use something for writing”)

Isulat mo ng listahan ang lapis.
Use the pencil to write a list.

Derived terms edit

Tagalog terms prefixed with i-

Taos edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ʔi/

Prefix edit

i-

(transitive) First person plural subject + third person singular object.
(transitive) Second person singular subject + third person inverse number object.
(transitive) Third person singular subject + third person inverse number object.
(transitive) Third person plural subject + third person singular object.
(formative) Third person plural subject.

Ternate edit

Pronoun edit

i- (Jawi إ-)

(non-human) third-person singular clitic, it
(human) third-person plural clitic, they
(masculine) third-person singular possessive prefix, his
Synonym: ai-

References edit

Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Tocharian A edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to move”). Compare Tocharian B i-.

Verb edit

i-

to go

Tocharian B edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, whence also Tocharian A i-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to move”). Cognate with Latin eō and Polish iść, both of the same meaning. The preterite form of this term, mäs-, is from Proto-Indo-European *mew- (“to move”), and as such the term is suppletive in conjugation.

Verb edit

i-

to go

Derived terms edit

West Makian edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /i/

Pronoun edit

i-

third-person singular clitic, he, she, it
ico ― he sees

pala ne ilamo ― this house is large

Xhosa edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

they; class 4 subject concord.

Etymology 2 edit

Prefix edit

i-

Class 5 noun prefix; form of ili- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 3 edit

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

Prefix edit

i- (medial yi-)

he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

Ye'kwana edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [i-]

Prefix edit

i-

(Caura River dialect) Allomorph of y- (third-person prefix) used for stems that begin with two consonants.
(Cunucunuma River dialect) Allomorph of d- (third-person prefix) used for non-deictic stems that begin with a consonant.
Forms part of the circumfix allomorphs of various adverbializers, i- -jai, i- -'da, and i- -emje, used for stems that begin with two consonants.

Inflection edit

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-¹						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-¹
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/öd-, o-, oy-/od-, a-, ay-/ad-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/d-, ch-, ∅-, i-¹			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü	y-/d-, ch-, ∅-, i-¹			chö-	n-, ni-	n-, ni-
distant past third person	tüwü	—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

Yoruba edit

Etymology 1 edit

Alternative forms edit

ù- in Southeast Yorùbá and some Central Yorùbá dialects such as Èkìtì and Ìjẹ̀ṣà.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ì/

Prefix edit

ì-

abstract or instrument nominalizing prefix

Usage notes edit

Forms both abstract and concrete nouns:

ì + ṣe "to do" → ìṣe "action"
ì + gbálẹ̀ "to sweep floor" → ìgbálẹ̀ "broom"

Derived terms edit

Yoruba terms prefixed with i- (nominalizing prefix)

Etymology 2 edit

Alternative forms edit

u- in Southeast Yorùbá and some Central Yorùbá dialects such as Èkìtì and Ìjẹ̀ṣà.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ī/

Prefix edit

i-

non-gerundive nominalizing prefix

Derived terms edit

Yoruba terms prefixed with i-

Zulu edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

Prefix edit

í- (medial yí-)

they; class 4 subject concord.

Etymology 2 edit

Contracted from earlier íli-, from Proto-Bantu *dɪ́-, plus augment. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *ì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

Prefix edit

î-

Class 5 noun prefix.

Etymology 3 edit

Prefix edit

í-

Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

Etymology 4 edit

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

Prefix edit

í- (medial yí-)

he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

References edit

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “i-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “i-”

Japhug (Kamnyu) personal pronouns and possessive prefixes
Number	Person	Possessive prefixes	Free pronoun	Genitive
Singular	1st	a-	aʑo, aj	aʑɯɣ
	2nd	nɤ-	nɤʑo, nɤj	nɤʑɯɣ
	3rd	ɯ-	ɯʑo	ɯʑɤɣ
Dual	1st	tɕi-	tɕiʑo	tɕiʑɤɣ
	2nd	ndʑi-	ndʑiʑo	ndʑiʑɤɣ
	3rd	ndʑi-	ʑɤni	ʑɤniɣɯ
Plural	1st	i-	iʑo, iʑora, iʑɤra	iʑɤɣ, iʑɤra ɣɯ
	2nd	nɯ-	nɯʑo, nɯʑora, nɯʑɤra	nɯʑɤɣ, nɯʑɤra ɣɯ
	3rd	nɯ-	ʑara	ʑaraɣ, ʑara ɣɯ
Generic		tɯ-	tɯʑo

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Dative
1sg	ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
2sg	mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
3sg	na-	-na	-ya	-nya
1pl.incl	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
2pl	mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
3pl	da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Class	Subject concord		Object concord	Relative
Class	affirmative	negative	Object concord	Relative
m_(I)	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	-ye
wa_(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m_(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi_(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji_(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma_(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki_(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi_(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n_(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n_(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u_(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku_(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa_(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu_(XVIII)	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-mu-	-mo
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

	independent		subject proclitic	possessive
	Informal	Formal
1st person singular	ngori	fangare^m, fajaru^f	to	ri
2nd person singular	ngana	ngoni, jou ngoni	no	ni
3rd person singular	una^m, mina^f		o^m, mo^f, i^nh	i^m, mi^f, ma^nh
1st person plural inclusive	ngone		fo	na, nga
1st person plural exclusive	ngomi	fangare ngomi^m, fajaru ngomi^f, fara ngomi¹	mi	mi, mia
2nd person plural	ngoni		ni	na, nia
3rd person plural	ana^h, ena^nh		i^{h, nh}, yo^{h, †}, ya^{nh, †}	na^h, nga^h, ma^nh

i-

English edit

Etymology 1 edit

Prefix edit

Etymology 2 edit

Prefix edit

Synonyms edit

Etymology 3 edit

Prefix edit

See also edit

Etymology 4 edit

Prefix edit

Derived terms edit

Choctaw edit

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

Inflection edit

Curripaco edit

Prefix edit

References edit

Esperanto edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

Derived terms edit

Italian edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

Japhug edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

Derived terms edit

See also edit

Kambera edit

Pronoun edit

See also edit

Latin edit

Etymology edit

Prefix edit

Malagasy edit

Prefix edit

See also edit

Middle English edit

Etymology edit

Prefix edit

Mohawk edit

Prefix edit

References edit

Northern Ndebele edit

Etymology 1 edit

Prefix edit

Etymology 2 edit

Prefix edit

Etymology 3 edit

Prefix edit

Etymology 4 edit

Prefix edit

Old English edit

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

Derived terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

Phuthi edit

Etymology 1 edit

Prefix edit

Etymology 2 edit

Prefix edit

Etymology 3 edit

Prefix edit

Etymology 4 edit

Prefix edit

Portuguese edit

Prefix edit

Southern Ndebele edit

Etymology 1 edit