θνῄσκω
Ancient Greek
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
edit- Traditionally compared to Sanskrit अध्वनीत् (á-dhvanī-t, “he disappeared”), ध्वान्त (dhvān-tá-, “dark”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwenh₂- (“to die”). However, Beekes doubts this, on the basis of the zero-grade forms, which would then be *θυνεῖν, *θύνατος.
- LIV² reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *dʰn̥h₂-sḱé-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“to set oneself in motion, to take off”), comparing the word with Sanskrit धन्वति (dhánvati, “to flow”), Tocharian A tsnāntär (“to flow”), but the semantic connection is weak.
- Others refer to Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥h₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to kill”), from which come θείνω (theínō, “slay”), φόνος (phónos, “murder”), and φᾰτός (phatós, “slain”).
- Cf. also Sanskrit निधन (nidhána, “death”), प्रधन (pradhána, “tearing, bursting; battle”).
In any case, the second part is the inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō).
Pronunciation
edit- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /tʰnɛ̌ːi̯s.kɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈtʰne̝s.ko/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈθnis.ko/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈθnis.ko/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈθnis.ko/
Verb
editθνῄσκω • (thnḗiskō)
- to die; (aorist and perfect) to be dead
- (serves as passive of κτείνω (kteínō, “kill”)) to be killed
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.289:
- ἦ θήν μιν μάλα ἔλπετο θῡμὸς ἑκάστου
χερσὶν ὑπ’ Αἴαντος θανέειν Τελαμωνιάδᾱο.- ê thḗn min mála élpeto thūmòs hekástou
khersìn hup’ Aíantos thanéein Telamōniádāo. - Truly the heart of every one [of us] really hoped that [Hector] had been killed at the hands of Ajax son of Telamon.
- ê thḗn min mála élpeto thūmòs hekástou
- ἦ θήν μιν μάλα ἔλπετο θῡμὸς ἑκάστου
Usage notes
editIn the present, the aorist and the future, the compound form ἀποθνῄσκω (apothnḗiskō) is often substituted.
Inflection
edit Present: θνῄσκω
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | θνῄσκω | θνῄσκεις | θνῄσκει | θνῄσκετον | θνῄσκετον | θνῄσκομεν | θνῄσκετε | θνῄσκουσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | θνῄσκω | θνῄσκῃς | θνῄσκῃ | θνῄσκητον | θνῄσκητον | θνῄσκωμεν | θνῄσκητε | θνῄσκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | θνῄσκοιμῐ | θνῄσκοις | θνῄσκοι | θνῄσκοιτον | θνῃσκοίτην | θνῄσκοιμεν | θνῄσκοιτε | θνῄσκοιεν | |||||
imperative | θνῇσκε | θνῃσκέτω | θνῄσκετον | θνῃσκέτων | θνῄσκετε | θνῃσκόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | θνῄσκειν | ||||||||||||
participle | m | θνῄσκων | |||||||||||
f | θνῄσκουσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | θνῇσκον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Imperfect: ἔθνῃσκον
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔθνῃσκον | ἔθνῃσκες | ἔθνῃσκε(ν) | ἐθνῄσκετον | ἐθνῃσκέτην | ἐθνῄσκομεν | ἐθνῄσκετε | ἔθνῃσκον | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | θᾰνέω | θᾰνέεις | θᾰνέει | θᾰνέετον | θᾰνέετον | θᾰνέομεν | θᾰνέετε | θᾰνέουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | θᾰνέοιμῐ | θᾰνέοις | θᾰνέοι | θᾰνέοιτον | θᾰνεοίτην | θᾰνέοιμεν | θᾰνέοιτε | θᾰνέοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | θᾰνέομαι | θᾰνέῃ, θᾰνέει |
θᾰνέεται | θᾰνέεσθον | θᾰνέεσθον | θᾰνεόμεθᾰ | θᾰνέεσθε | θᾰνέονται | ||||
optative | θᾰνεοίμην | θᾰνέοιο | θᾰνέοιτο | θᾰνέοισθον | θᾰνεοίσθην | θᾰνεοίμεθᾰ | θᾰνέοισθε | θᾰνέοιντο | |||||
active | middle | ||||||||||||
infinitive | θᾰνέειν | θᾰνέεσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | θᾰνέων | θᾰνεόμενος | ||||||||||
f | θᾰνέουσᾰ | θᾰνεομένη | |||||||||||
n | θᾰνέον | θᾰνεόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | θᾰνῶ | θᾰνεῖς | θᾰνεῖ | θᾰνεῖτον | θᾰνεῖτον | θᾰνοῦμεν | θᾰνεῖτε | θᾰνοῦσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | θᾰνοίην, θᾰνοῖμῐ |
θᾰνοίης, θᾰνοῖς |
θᾰνοίη, θᾰνοῖ |
θᾰνοῖτον, θᾰνοίητον |
θᾰνοίτην, θᾰνοιήτην |
θᾰνοῖμεν, θᾰνοίημεν |
θᾰνοῖτε, θᾰνοίητε |
θᾰνοῖεν, θᾰνοίησᾰν | |||||
middle | indicative | θᾰνοῦμαι | θᾰνῇ | θᾰνεῖται | θᾰνεῖσθον | θᾰνεῖσθον | θᾰνούμεθᾰ | θᾰνεῖσθε | θᾰνοῦνται | ||||
optative | θᾰνοίμην | θᾰνοῖο | θᾰνοῖτο | θᾰνοῖσθον | θᾰνοίσθην | θᾰνοίμεθᾰ | θᾰνοῖσθε | θᾰνοῖντο | |||||
active | middle | ||||||||||||
infinitive | θᾰνεῖν | θᾰνεῖσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | θᾰνῶν | θᾰνούμενος | ||||||||||
f | θᾰνοῦσᾰ | θᾰνουμένη | |||||||||||
n | θᾰνοῦν | θᾰνούμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Aorist: ἔθᾰνον
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔθᾰνον | ἔθᾰνες | ἔθᾰνε(ν) | ἐθᾰ́νετον | ἐθᾰνέτην | ἐθᾰ́νομεν | ἐθᾰ́νετε | ἔθᾰνον | ||||
subjunctive | θᾰ́νω | θᾰ́νῃς | θᾰ́νῃ | θᾰ́νητον | θᾰ́νητον | θᾰ́νωμεν | θᾰ́νητε | θᾰ́νωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | θᾰ́νοιμῐ | θᾰ́νοις | θᾰ́νοι | θᾰ́νοιτον | θᾰνοίτην | θᾰ́νοιμεν | θᾰ́νοιτε | θᾰ́νοιεν | |||||
imperative | θᾰ́νε | θᾰνέτω | θᾰ́νετον | θᾰνέτων | θᾰ́νετε | θᾰνόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | θᾰνεῖν | ||||||||||||
participle | m | θᾰνών | |||||||||||
f | θᾰνοῦσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | θᾰνόν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | θᾰ́νον | θᾰ́νες | θᾰ́νε(ν) | θᾰ́νετον | θᾰνέτην | θᾰ́νομεν | θᾰ́νετε | θᾰ́νον | ||||
subjunctive | θᾰ́νω, θᾰ́νωμῐ |
θᾰ́νῃς, θᾰ́νῃσθᾰ |
θᾰ́νῃ, θᾰ́νῃσῐ |
θᾰ́νητον | θᾰ́νητον | θᾰ́νωμεν | θᾰ́νητε | θᾰ́νωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | θᾰ́νοιμῐ | θᾰ́νοις/θᾰ́νοισθᾰ | θᾰ́νοι | θᾰνεῖτον | θᾰνείτην | θᾰνεῖμεν | θᾰνεῖτε | θᾰνεῖεν | |||||
imperative | θᾰ́νε | θᾰνέτω | θᾰ́νετον | θᾰνέτων | θᾰ́νετε | θᾰνόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | θᾰνεῖν/θᾰνέμεν(αι) | ||||||||||||
participle | m | θᾰνών | |||||||||||
f | θᾰνοῦσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | θᾰνόν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Perfect: τέθνηκᾰ
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | τέθνηκᾰ | τέθνηκᾰς | τέθνηκε(ν) | τεθνήκᾰτον | τεθνήκᾰτον | τεθνήκᾰμεν | τεθνήκᾰτε | τεθνήκᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | τεθνήκω | τεθνήκῃς | τεθνήκῃ | τεθνήκητον | τεθνήκητον | τεθνήκωμεν | τεθνήκητε | τεθνήκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | τεθνήκοιμῐ, τεθνηκοίην |
τεθνήκοις, τεθνηκοίης |
τεθνήκοι, τεθνηκοίη |
τεθνήκοιτον | τεθνηκοίτην | τεθνήκοιμεν | τεθνήκοιτε | τεθνήκοιεν | |||||
imperative | τέθνηκε | τεθνηκέτω | τεθνήκετον | τεθνηκέτων | τεθνήκετε | τεθνηκόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | τεθνηκέναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | τεθνηκώς | |||||||||||
f | τεθνηκυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | τεθνηκός | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Pluperfect: ἐτεθνήκειν
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἐτεθνήκειν, ἐτεθνήκη |
ἐτεθνήκεις, ἐτεθνήκης |
ἐτεθνήκει(ν) | ἐτεθνήκετον | ἐτεθνηκέτην | ἐτεθνήκεμεν | ἐτεθνήκετε | ἐτεθνήκεσᾰν | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | τέθνᾰτον | τέθνᾰτον | τέθνᾰμεν | τέθνᾰτε | τεθνᾶσῐ(ν) | |||||||
subjunctive | τεθνῶ, τεθνῶμῐ |
τεθνῇς, τεθνῇσθᾰ |
τεθνῇ, τεθνῇσῐ |
τεθνῆτον | τεθνῆτον | τεθνῶμεν | τεθνῆτε | τεθνῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | τεθναίην | τεθναίης | τεθναίη | τεθναῖτον | τεθναίτην | τεθναῖμεν | τεθναῖτε | τεθναῖεν | |||||
imperative | τεθνᾰ́θι | τεθνᾰ́τω | τέθνᾰτον | τεθνᾰ́των | τέθνᾰτε | τεθνᾰ́ντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | τεθνᾰ́μεν(αι) | ||||||||||||
participle | m | τεθνεώς, τεθνηώς |
|||||||||||
f | τεθνεῶσᾰ, τεθνηῶσᾰ |
||||||||||||
n | τεθνεός, τεθνηός |
||||||||||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Pluperfect: ἐτέθνᾰτον
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἐτέθνᾰτον | ἐτεθνᾰ́την | ἐτέθνᾰμεν | ἐτέθνᾰτε | ἐτέθνᾰσᾰν | |||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Future perfect: τεθνήξω, τεθνήξομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | τεθνήξω | τεθνήξεις | τεθνήξει | τεθνήξετον | τεθνήξετον | τεθνήξομεν | τεθνήξετε | τεθνήξουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | τεθνήξοιμῐ | τεθνήξοις | τεθνήξοι | τεθνήξοιτον | τεθνηξοίτην | τεθνήξοιμεν | τεθνήξοιτε | τεθνήξοιεν | |||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | τεθνήξομαι | τεθνήξῃ, τεθνήξει |
τεθνήξεται | τεθνήξεσθον | τεθνήξεσθον | τεθνηξόμεθᾰ | τεθνήξεσθε | τεθνήξονται | ||||
optative | τεθνηξοίμην | τεθνήξοιο | τεθνήξοιτο | τεθνήξοισθον | τεθνηξοίσθην | τεθνηξοίμεθᾰ | τεθνήξοισθε | τεθνήξοιντο | |||||
active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
infinitive | τεθνήξειν | τεθνήξεσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | τεθνήξων | τεθνηξόμενος | ||||||||||
f | τεθνήξουσᾰ | τεθνηξομένη | |||||||||||
n | τεθνῆξον | τεθνηξόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
edit- ἀμφιθνῄσκω (amphithnḗiskō)
- ἀντιθνῄσκω (antithnḗiskō)
- ἀποθνῄσκω (apothnḗiskō)
- δυσθνῄσκω (dusthnḗiskō)
- ἐκθνῄσκω (ekthnḗiskō)
- ἐνθνῄσκω (enthnḗiskō)
- εὐθνήσιμος (euthnḗsimos)
- θανάσιμος (thanásimos)
- θάνατος (thánatos)
- θνησαῖον (thnēsaîon)
- θνησείδιον (thnēseídion)
- θνῆσις (thnêsis)
- θνητός (thnētós)
- καταθνῄσκω (katathnḗiskō)
- περιθνῄσκω (perithnḗiskō)
- προθνῄσκω (prothnḗiskō)
- συνθνῄσκω (sunthnḗiskō)
- ὑπερθνῄσκω (huperthnḗiskō)
References
edit- “θνῄσκω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- θνῄσκω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- θνῄσκω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G2348 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θάνατος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 533–4
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰenh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 144–5
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -σκω
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek terms with quotations
- Ancient Greek verbs with a progressive SK marker