Armenian

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old Armenian կաղ (kał).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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կաղ (kaġ) (superlative ամենակաղ)

  1. lame, limping

Declension

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Derived terms

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Old Armenian

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Etymology

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Uncertain. Closely related to Aghwan 𐕄𐔰𐔾𐔰 (ḳala, lame); see it for additional Lezghian cognates and references. Probably also related to Proto-Kartvelian *ḳel- (to be limp), whose unattested Zan descendant would have had an *-a- vocalism and may have been the source of the Armenian and the Lezghian words. If the first part of կեղ-ա-կարծ (keł-a-karc) is indeed related to կաղ (kał, lame), then it may preserve the Kartvelian *-e-.

Note also խեղ (xeł) and the similar-sounding synonyms in other languages, many of which are of obscure origin: Ancient Greek χωλός (khōlós), Mingrelian ქულა (kula), Ossetian къуылых (k’°ylyx), къулух (k’ulux), Northern Kurdish kul-ek, Coptic ϭⲁⲗⲉ (cale).

Adjective

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կաղ (kał)

  1. crippled, mutilated, especially lame, limping; defective
    կաղ ի կաղ, կաղ ի կաղս, կաղս ի կաղս, կաղ ընդ կաղkał i kał, kał i kałs, kałs i kałs, kał ənd kałhalting on one foot, hobbling along, with a halting gait; so so, poorly, somehow or other, as well as may be
    կաղ ի կաղս ասել, պատասխանելkał i kałs asel, patasxanelto say or reply undecidedly or doubtfully
    կաղ ի կաղ գիտելkał i kał gitelto know imperfectly

Declension

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Armenian: կաղ (kaġ)

Further reading

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  • Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1909) “X ew K jaynerun lcordutʻiwnə [The x ~ k alternation]”, in Handes Amsorya[1] (in Armenian), volume 23, number 5, Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, page 160 of 159–160
  • Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “կաղ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 491b
  • Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “կաղ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
  • Brosset, M. (1834) “Aperçu général de la langue géorgienne”, in Journal asiatique (in French), volume 14, pages 385, 392
  • Bugge, Sophus (1893) “Beiträge zur etymologischen Erläuterung der armenischen Sprache”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (in German), volume 32, page 50
  • Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 457
  • J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “կաղ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 375b
  • Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 358
  • Müller, Friedrich (1890) “Armeniaca VI”, in Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Classe (in German), volume 122, page 3
  • Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 963
  • Pedersen, Holger (1905) “Zur armenischen Sprachgeschichte”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen[2] (in German), volume 38, number 2, page 203
  • Petersson, Herbert (1916) “Beiträge zur armenischen Wortkunde”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (in German), volume 47, number 3/4, page 262 of 240–291
  • Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “կաղ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
  • Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate[3], PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 54