χωλός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Seemingly, a formation with the suffix -λός like στρεβλός (streblós) and τυφλός (tuphlós), but without obvious etymology. Perhaps it belongs to χαλάω (khaláō, “to slacken, relax”) or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave behind, abandon”), the same root of χήρα (khḗra, “widow”), because a lame person is someone who lags or stays behind. Connections to Sanskrit खोर are uncertain.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /kʰɔː.lós/ → /xoˈlos/ → /xoˈlos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰɔː.lós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kʰoˈlos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /xoˈlos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /xoˈlos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /xoˈlos/

Adjective

χωλός • (khōlós) m (feminine χωλή, neuter χωλόν); first/second declension

1. lame, halting, limping

   Synonym: σκιμβός (skimbós)

   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.217
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.503
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.308
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.92
   • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 486
   • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1032
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.161
   • 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 24
   • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.739B
   • 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Timon 20
   • 446 BCE – 411 BCE, Eupolis, Collected Works 343
   • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Prorrhetics 2.1
   • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 794E
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 1.5
   1. (figuratively) maimed, imperfect, defective
      • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 71E
      • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 535D
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 3.3.3
      • Hephaestio, Collected Works 5.4
      • 350 BCE – 280 BCE, Demetrius of Phalerum, On Style 301
      • 200 CE – 300 CE, Aristides Quintilianus, On Music 1.25
      • 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Herodas, Collected Works 1.71

Inflection

First and second declension of χωλός; χωλή; χωλόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χωλός khōlós	χωλή khōlḗ	χωλόν khōlón		χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλᾱ́ khōlā́	χωλώ khōlṓ		χωλοί khōloí	χωλαί khōlaí	χωλᾰ́ khōlá
Genitive		χωλοῦ khōloû	χωλῆς khōlês	χωλοῦ khōloû		χωλοῖν khōloîn	χωλαῖν khōlaîn	χωλοῖν khōloîn		χωλῶν khōlôn	χωλῶν khōlôn	χωλῶν khōlôn
Dative		χωλῷ khōlôi	χωλῇ khōlêi	χωλῷ khōlôi		χωλοῖν khōloîn	χωλαῖν khōlaîn	χωλοῖν khōloîn		χωλοῖς khōloîs	χωλαῖς khōlaîs	χωλοῖς khōloîs
Accusative		χωλόν khōlón	χωλήν khōlḗn	χωλόν khōlón		χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλᾱ́ khōlā́	χωλώ khōlṓ		χωλούς khōloús	χωλᾱ́ς khōlā́s	χωλᾰ́ khōlá
Vocative		χωλέ khōlé	χωλή khōlḗ	χωλόν khōlón		χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλᾱ́ khōlā́	χωλώ khōlṓ		χωλοί khōloí	χωλαί khōlaí	χωλᾰ́ khōlá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		χωλῶς khōlôs				χωλότερος khōlóteros				χωλότᾰτος khōlótatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• χωλαίνω (khōlaínō)
• χώλανσις (khṓlansis)
• χώλασμα (khṓlasma)
• χωλάω (khōláō)
• χωλεία (khōleía)
• χώλευμα (khṓleuma)
• χωλεύω (khōleúō)
• χωλίαμβος (khōlíambos)
• χωλοκράββατον (khōlokrábbaton)
• χωλόομαι (khōlóomai)
• χωλοποιός (khōlopoiós)
• χωλόπους (khōlópous)
• χωλότης (khōlótēs)
• χώλωμα (khṓlōma)
• χώλωσις (khṓlōsis)

 

Descendants

• →⇒? Mingrelian: ქულა (kula, “lame”), ქულაფა (kulapa)

Further reading

• “χωλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “χωλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “χωλός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• χωλός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• χωλός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• G5560 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • cripple idem, page 184.
  • crippled idem, page 184.
  • deformed idem, page 205.
  • disabled idem, page 227.
  • halt idem, page 381.
  • impotent idem, page 423.
  • lame idem, page 474.
  • limping idem, page 492.
  • maimed idem, page 508.
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN