मुख
Garhwali edit
Etymology edit
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मुख (mukha).
Noun edit
मुख (mukh) m
Hindi edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (mukha). Doublet of मुँह (mũh), a tadbhava.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
मुख • (mukh) m (Urdu spelling مکھ)
Declension edit
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Marathi edit
Etymology edit
From Old Marathi 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha), from Sanskrit मुख (múkha, “mouth, face, visage”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
मुख • (mukh) n
Declension edit
Declension of मुख (neut cons-stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
direct singular |
मुख mukh | ||
direct plural |
मुखे, मुखं mukhe, mukha | ||
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
nominative प्रथमा |
मुख mukh |
मुखे, मुखं mukhe, mukha | |
oblique सामान्यरूप |
मुखा mukhā |
मुखां- mukhān- | |
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
मुखाला mukhālā |
मुखांना mukhānnā | |
ergative | मुखाने, मुखानं mukhāne, mukhāna |
मुखांनी mukhānnī | |
instrumental | मुखाशी mukhāśī |
मुखांशी mukhānśī | |
locative सप्तमी |
मुखात mukhāt |
मुखांत mukhāt | |
vocative संबोधन |
मुखा mukhā |
मुखांनो mukhānno | |
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. |
Genitive declension of मुख (neut cons-stem) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
मुखाचा mukhāċā |
मुखाचे mukhāċe |
मुखाची mukhācī |
मुखाच्या mukhācā |
मुखाचे, मुखाचं mukhāċe, mukhāċa |
मुखाची mukhācī |
मुखाच्या mukhācā | |
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
मुखांचा mukhānċā |
मुखांचे mukhānċe |
मुखांची mukhāñcī |
मुखांच्या mukhāncā |
मुखांचे, मुखांचं mukhānċe, mukhānċa |
मुखांची mukhāñcī |
मुखांच्या mukhāñcā | |
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. |
References edit
- Berntsen, Maxine, “मुख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “मुख”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “मुख”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press
Nepali edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
मुख • (mukh)
Old Marathi edit
Noun edit
मुख (mukha) n
- Devanagari form of 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)
Pali edit
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
मुख n
- Devanagari script form of mukha
Declension edit
Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | मुखं (mukhaṃ) | मुखानि (mukhāni) |
Accusative (second) | मुखं (mukhaṃ) | मुखानि (mukhāni) |
Instrumental (third) | मुखेन (mukhena) | मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi) |
Dative (fourth) | मुखस्स (mukhassa) or मुखाय (mukhāya) or मुखत्थं (mukhatthaṃ) | मुखानं (mukhānaṃ) |
Ablative (fifth) | मुखस्मा (mukhasmā) or मुखम्हा (mukhamhā) or मुखा (mukhā) | मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi) |
Genitive (sixth) | मुखस्स (mukhassa) | मुखानं (mukhānaṃ) |
Locative (seventh) | मुखस्मिं (mukhasmiṃ) or मुखम्हि (mukhamhi) or मुखे (mukhe) | मुखेसु (mukhesu) |
Vocative (calling) | मुख (mukha) | मुखानि (mukhāni) |
Sanskrit edit
Alternative scripts edit
- মুখ (Assamese script)
- ᬫᬸᬔ (Balinese script)
- মুখ (Bengali script)
- 𑰦𑰲𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
- မုခ (Burmese script)
- મુખ (Gujarati script)
- ਮੁਖ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌮𑍁𑌖 (Grantha script)
- ꦩꦸꦑ (Javanese script)
- 𑂧𑂳𑂎 (Kaithi script)
- ಮುಖ (Kannada script)
- មុខ (Khmer script)
- ມຸຂ (Lao script)
- മുഖ (Malayalam script)
- ᠮᡠᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (Modi script)
- ᠮᠤᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧆𑧔𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐩𑐸𑐏 (Newa script)
- ମୁଖ (Odia script)
- ꢪꢸꢓ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆩𑆶𑆒 (Sharada script)
- 𑖦𑖲𑖏 (Siddham script)
- මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩴𑩒𑩝 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚢𑚰𑚋 (Takri script)
- முக² (Tamil script)
- ముఖ (Telugu script)
- มุข (Thai script)
- མུ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒧𑒳𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨢𑨃𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology edit
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *múkʰam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam, from earlier *múkHam, with further origin uncertain.
According to Pokorny, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian and not related to Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”) (Proto-Germanic *mūlō, English mutter, Latin muttiō).
However, Mayrhofer considers an Indo-European derivation to be more likely, taking Proto-Indo-European *mu- to mean "a vocal gesture for pressed lips", and compares Ancient Greek μῠχός (mukhós, “innermost part of a place”), μῦθος (mûthos, “word”), and German Maul (“mouth (of an animal)”). According to him, the possibility of a borrowing from Dravidian (compare Tamil முகம் (mukam, “face”)) or "pan-Asiatic" is possible but unlikely due to the root's presence in Vedic texts and Iranian languages.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
मुख • (múkha) stem, n
Declension edit
Neuter a-stem declension of मुख (múkha) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | मुखम् múkham |
मुखे múkhe |
मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹ |
Vocative | मुख múkha |
मुखे múkhe |
मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹ |
Accusative | मुखम् múkham |
मुखे múkhe |
मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹ |
Instrumental | मुखेन múkhena |
मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām |
मुखैः / मुखेभिः¹ múkhaiḥ / múkhebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | मुखाय múkhāya |
मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām |
मुखेभ्यः múkhebhyaḥ |
Ablative | मुखात् múkhāt |
मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām |
मुखेभ्यः múkhebhyaḥ |
Genitive | मुखस्य múkhasya |
मुखयोः múkhayoḥ |
मुखानाम् múkhānām |
Locative | मुखे múkhe |
मुखयोः múkhayoḥ |
मुखेषु múkheṣu |
Notes |
|
Descendants edit
- Dardic:
- Assamese: মুহ (muh)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀳 (muha)
- Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘳𑘮 (muha)
- Pali: mukha
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀳 (muha)
- → Assamese: মুখ (mukh)
- → Bengali: মুখ (mukh)
- → Gujarati: મુખ (mukh)
- → Hindi: मुख (mukh)
- → Kannada: ಮುಖ (mukha)
- → Khmer: មុខ (muk)
- → Malay: muka
- Indonesian: muka
- → Malayalam: മുഖം (mukhaṁ)
- → Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)
- Marathi: मुख (mukh)
- → Nepali: मुख (mukh)
- → Punjabi: ਮੁਖ (mukh)
- → Rajasthani: मुखड़ौ (mukhṛau)
- → Tagalog: mukhâ
- → Telugu: ముఖము (mukhamu)
References edit
- Monier Williams (1899) “मुख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 819/3.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 360
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 648-649
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) “751-52”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 751-52