शर्करा

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā). Doublet of शक्कर (śakkar). Cognate of English sugar.

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʃəɾ.kə.ɾɑː/, [ʃɐɾ.kɐ.ɾäː]

Noun

शर्करा • (śarkarā) f (Urdu spelling شرکرا)

1. (formal) sugar (granulated or candied)

   Synonyms: चीनी (cīnī), शक्कर (śakkar)

2. (chemistry) glucose, saccharose

Declension

Declension of शर्करा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	शर्करा śarkarā	शर्कराएँ śarkarāẽ
oblique	शर्करा śarkarā	शर्कराओं śarkarāõ
vocative	शर्करा śarkarā	शर्कराओ śarkarāo

References

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “शर्करा”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɕəɾ.kə.ɾa/

Noun

शर्करा • (śarkarā) f

1. (sciences) sugar

   Synonym: साखर (sākhar)

References

• Berntsen, Maxine, “शर्करा”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• শৰ্কৰা (Assamese script)
• ᬰᬃᬓᬭᬵ (Balinese script)
• শর্করা (Bengali script)
• 𑰫𑰨𑰿𑰎𑰨𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀰𑀭𑁆𑀓𑀭𑀸 (Brahmi script)
• ၐရ်္ကရာ (Burmese script)
• શર્કરા (Gujarati script)
• ਸ਼ਰ੍ਕਰਾ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌶𑌰𑍍𑌕𑌰𑌾 (Grantha script)
• ꦯꦂꦏꦫꦴ (Javanese script)
• 𑂬𑂩𑂹𑂍𑂩𑂰 (Kaithi script)
• ಶರ್ಕರಾ (Kannada script)
• ឝក៌រា (Khmer script)
• ຨຣ຺ກຣາ (Lao script)
• ശര്കരാ (Malayalam script)
• ᡧᠠᡵᡬᠠᡵᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
• 𑘫𑘨𑘿𑘎𑘨𑘰 (Modi script)
• ᠱᠠᠷᢉᠠᠷᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧋𑧈𑧠𑦮𑧈𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐱𑐬𑑂𑐎𑐬𑐵 (Newa script)
• ଶର୍କରା (Odia script)
• ꢯꢬ꣄ꢒꢬꢵ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆯𑆫𑇀𑆑𑆫𑆳 (Sharada script)
• 𑖫𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖨𑖯 (Siddham script)
• ශර්‍කරා (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩿𑩼 𑪙𑩜𑩼𑩛 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚧𑚤𑚶𑚊𑚤𑚭 (Takri script)
• ஶர்கரா (Tamil script)
• శర్కరా (Telugu script)
• ศรฺกรา (Thai script)
• ཤ་རྐ་རཱ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒬𑒩𑓂𑒏𑒩𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨮𑨫𑩇𑨋𑨫𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *śárkaraH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćárkaraH, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂ (“gravel, boulder”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κρόκη (krókē, “pebbles”), whence English crocodile.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕɐ́ɾ.kɐ.ɾɑː/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈɕɐɾ.kɐ.ɾɑː/

Noun

शर्करा • (śárkarā) stem, f

1. gravel, grit, pebbles, shingle, gravelly mould or soil (mostly plural)
2. gravel (as a disease)
3. hardening of the flesh
4. hardening of the ear-wax
5. ground or candied sugar
6. a fragment or piece of broken earthenware, potsherd
7. cotton sugar, sugarmaple

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of शर्करा (śárkarā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शर्करा śárkarā	शर्करे śárkare	शर्कराः śárkarāḥ
Vocative	शर्करे śárkare	शर्करे śárkare	शर्कराः śárkarāḥ
Accusative	शर्कराम् śárkarām	शर्करे śárkare	शर्कराः śárkarāḥ
Instrumental	शर्करया / शर्करा¹ śárkarayā / śárkarā¹	शर्कराभ्याम् śárkarābhyām	शर्कराभिः śárkarābhiḥ
Dative	शर्करायै śárkarāyai	शर्कराभ्याम् śárkarābhyām	शर्कराभ्यः śárkarābhyaḥ
Ablative	शर्करायाः / शर्करायै² śárkarāyāḥ / śárkarāyai²	शर्कराभ्याम् śárkarābhyām	शर्कराभ्यः śárkarābhyaḥ
Genitive	शर्करायाः / शर्करायै² śárkarāyāḥ / śárkarāyai²	शर्करयोः śárkarayoḥ	शर्कराणाम् śárkarāṇām
Locative	शर्करायाम् śárkarāyām	शर्करयोः śárkarayoḥ	शर्करासु śárkarāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Borrowed terms

• → Bengali: শর্করা (śorkora)
• → Gujarati: શર્કરા (śarkarā)
• → Hindi: शर्करा (śarkarā)
• → Kannada: ಸಕ್ಕರೆ (sakkare), ಶರ್ಕರೆ (śarkare)
• → Malayalam: ശർക്കര (śaṟkkara), ചക്കര (cakkara)
  • → Portuguese: jágara, jacre, jagra, jagre, xágara
    • → English: jaggery, jaggary, jagghery, jaggory, jaggry, jagra
      • → French: jagré
      • → Japanese: ジャガリー (jagarī), ジャッガリー (jaggarī)
      • → Scottish Gaelic: seagaraidh
• → Old Javanese: sarkara
  • Javanese: ꦱꦂꦏꦫ (sarkara)
• → Tamil: சர்க்கரை (carkkarai), சக்கரை (cakkarai) — colloquial
• → Telugu: చక్కెర (cakkera)
• → Nihali: सक्रय

Descendants

• Gandhari: 𐨭𐨐𐨪 (śakara)
  • → Middle Persian:

    Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫞𐫡 (šqr /⁠šakar⁠/)

    Book Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭪𐭥 (škl /⁠šakar⁠/)

    • Persian: شکر (šakar) (see there for further descendants)
    • → Arabic: سُكَّر (sukkar) (see there for further descendants)
    • → Aramaic:
      • Classical Syriac: ܫܟܪ (šekkar)
    • → Georgian: შაქარი (šakari)
      • → Abkhaz: ашьақар (ašakar)
      • → Mingrelian: შანქარი (šankari)
      • → Svan: შაქარ (šakar)
    • → Mingrelian: შანქარი (šankari)
    • → Old Armenian: շաքար (šakʻar)
      • Middle Armenian: շաքար (šakʻar)
        • Armenian: շաքար (šakʻar)
        • →? Middle Georgian: შაქარი (šakari)
          • Georgian: შაქარი (šakari)
            • → Abkhaz: ашьақар (ašakar)
            • → Mingrelian: შანქარი (šankari)
            • → Svan: შაქარ (šakar)

• Helu Prakrit:
  • Dhivehi: ހަކުރު (hakuru)
  • Sinhalese: හකුරු (hakuru), සකුරු (sakuru)
• Magadhi Prakrit:
  • Assamese: শিকৰ (xikor)
    • ⇒ Assamese: দাঁত-শিকৰ (dãt-xikor)
    • ⇒ Assamese: শিকলিয়া (xikolia)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀭𑀸 (sakkarā)
  • Konkani: साक्कर (sākkar)
  • Old Marathi: साकर (sākara)
    • Marathi: साखर (sākhar)
• Pali: sakkharā (see there for further descendants)
• Sauraseni Prakrit:
  • Gujarati: સાકર (sākar)
  • Hindi: सकर (sakar), सक्कर (sakkar)
  • Nepali: सखर (sakhar)