ꜥrq

Egyptian

FWOTD – 14 July 2022

Etymology 1

Sometimes proposed to be from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔar-ḳ- (“to see, to understand”). Compare Proto-Cushitic *ʔark’- (“to see, to understand”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈʕaːlaqʼ/ → /ˈʕaːlaqʼ/ → /ˈʕaːləqʼ/ → /ˈʕoːləqʼ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʕaːlaqʼ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʕaːlaqʼ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʕaːləqʼ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʕoːləqʼ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːrɛk/
  • Conventional anglicization: areq

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to bend
2. (transitive) to tie on
3. (transitive) to complete, to stop
4. (transitive) to understand
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.3–2.4:

     rdj.jn ṯꜣt(j) njs.t(w) nꜣy.f n(j) ẖrdw m ḫt ꜥrq.f sḫr r(m)ṯw bj(ꜣ)t.sn m jjt ḥr.f

     So the vizier let his children be summoned after he understood the conduct of people, their character being what had come upon him.

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥrq (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜥrq, geminated stem: ꜥrqq

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜥrq	ꜥrqw, ꜥrq	ꜥrqt	ꜥrq	ꜥrq

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜥrq	ḥr ꜥrq	m ꜥrq	r ꜥrq

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥrq.n	ꜥrqw, ꜥrq	consecutive	ꜥrq.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜥrqt
perfective3	ꜥrq	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜥrq.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜥrq	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜥrq	ꜥrqq	potentialis1	ꜥrq.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜥrq	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥrq.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜥrq	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥrq	ꜥrq, ꜥrqw5, ꜥrqy5
imperfective	ꜥrq, ꜥrqy, ꜥrqw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥrq, ꜥrqj6, ꜥrqy6	ꜥrq, ꜥrqw5
prospective	ꜥrq, ꜥrqtj7	—	ꜥrqtj4, ꜥrqt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• ꜥrqy

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥlq
  • Coptic: ⲱⲗⲕ (ōlk)

Etymology 2

From a form of the verb above.

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ʕaˈlaqʼ/ → /ʕaˈlaqʼ/ → /ʕaˈlaqʼ/ → /ʕaˈlaqʼ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaˈlaqʼ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ʕaˈlaːqʼaw/ (plural)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaˈlaqʼ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ʕaˈlaːqʼaw/ (plural)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaˈlaqʼ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ʕaˈlaːqʼə/ (plural)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaˈlaqʼ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ʕaˈloːqʼ/ (plural)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːrɛk/
  • Conventional anglicization: areq

Noun

 m

1. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
   1. leg joint

Inflection

Declension of ꜥrq (masculine)

singular	ꜥrq
dual	ꜥrqwj
plural	ꜥrqw

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜣlg
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲟϫ (aloč), ⲁⲗⲟⲕ (alok)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲟϭ (aloc), ⲁⲗⲟⲕ (alok)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 211.16–211.23
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 337, 368.