-dü

See also: dü, due, and Appendix:Variations of "du"

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies
ALIV	-dü
Brazilian standard	-dö
New Tribes	-dö

Etymology 1

From Proto-Cariban *-rɨ. The development into an imperfective marker is relatively late, and a similar evolution can be observed in the Kari'na cognate -ry.

Alternative forms

-chü, -yü (allomorphs after i)
-du (allomorph after u)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [-ɾ̠ɨ]

Suffix

-dü

Marks a noun as possessed; used with most types of nouns, including instruments, kinship terms, body parts, and natural and cultural elements.
Forms a noun from a verb, representing either the (nonpast) action or the object of the verb; must be accompanied by a personal prefix and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument indicated by the noun (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).
Forms the imperfective aspect in many contexts.

Usage notes

This suffix does not cause syllable reduction.

Verbs nominalized with this suffix take person markers of series II; however, when the verb is intransitive and its argument is explicitly expressed as a noun before the verb, no person markers are used. Nonetheless, even in this latter case, if the argument is marked as an oblique argument of another verb in the sentence, person markings must be expressed.

When a verb takes this suffix to form the imperfective aspect, it can function syntactically as a main verb, but morphologically it behaves like a nominalized form: it takes the intransitive marker w-, series II person markers that index either an intransitive argument or a transitive patient, and the nominal plural suffix -komo and negation -jünü instead of the verbal plurals -to and -tö. Furthermore, the transitive agent, when expressed, is marked by the postposition -uwö instead of unmarked (as it would be with series I markers).

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -dü (possessed)

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -dü

Etymology 2

Perhaps ultimately of the same origin as etymology 1 above; a similar construction can be found in Pemon -yi, also homophonic with one of the allomorphs of the Pemon possessive marker.

Alternative forms

-chü (allomorph after i)
-nü (allomorph after -anö)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [-ɾ̠ɨ]

Suffix

-dü

Relativizing clitic; nominalizes a construction containing a finite verb, often to form a relative clause.

Usage notes

This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes syllable reduction when it follows the recent past imperfective suffix -anö, in which case this morpheme takes the form -nü to make the combined form -annü. Another allomorph, -chü, is used when the preceding stem ends with i, typically as either the past tense or the unreal suffix -i. In all other cases the form of this clitic is -dü.

The finite verb in the nominalized construction must take series I person markers.

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-dü”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[1], Lyon, pages 111–112, 144, 152, 161–162, 226–228
Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages 288–290