-i
English Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From the Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy) or from Hebrew ־י (-i), both sharing a common Semitic root. In English productive from the 19th century.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Used to form adjectives and nouns describing people of a particular city, region, or country, and the language spoken by these people.
Translations Edit
See also Edit
References Edit
- OED, s.v. "-i, suffix2".
Etymology 2 Edit
From Latin -ī, the plural ending of the Latin second declension, whence the plural of Italian nouns in -o and -e.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
References Edit
- OED, s.v. "-i, suffix1".
Etymology 3 Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
Afar Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i or -í
- Used to create nouns from class I verbs, denoting either the agent or the instrument of the action.
Usage notes Edit
- Used together with the prefix t- to create feminine nouns. The stress will shift to the last syllable.
- Used together with the prefix y- to create masculine nouns. The stress will not be on the last syllable.
References Edit
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 118
Albanian Edit
Etymology Edit
From the ending Proto-Indo-European *-osyo, from Proto-Indo-European *-os. cognate to Messapic -aihi.[1][2][3]. Related to Albanian i (“of, the, to”).
Pronunciation Edit
Article Edit
-i m
Related terms Edit
- (suffixed article, suffix): -a, -e, -ë, -o, -u, -ia, -ja, -je, -jë, -at, -et, -ët, -it, -ot, -ut, -të, -ri, -ishte, -ishtja
- (article, preposition): e, i, së, të
References Edit
Chuukese Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
- (added to transitive verbs) him, her, it (third person singular indirect object)
Usage notes Edit
- In Chuukese, transitive verbs in their base form already have the third person singular indirect object implied on them, although the suffix -i can be added for emphasis.
Esperanto Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Perhaps from Latin deponent verbs such as loquī (“to speak”). Perhaps from French and Spanish verbs ending in -ir.
Suffix Edit
-i
- verbal inflection marking the infinitive
Etymology 2 Edit
Common to English e (pronounced [i]) in me, she, he, we and the Italian accusative pronouns mi, ti, vi, li, si.
Suffix Edit
-i
Estonian Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-in.
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action.
Inflection Edit
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -i | -id |
accusative | -i | -id |
genitive | -i | -ite |
partitive | -it | -eid |
illative | -isse | -itesse -eisse |
inessive | -is | -ites -eis |
elative | -ist | -itest -eist |
allative | -ile | -itele -eile |
adessive | -il | -itel -eil |
ablative | -ilt | -itelt -eilt |
translative | -iks | -iteks -eiks |
terminative | -ini | -iteni |
essive | -ina | -itena |
abessive | -ita | -iteta |
comitative | -iga | -itega |
Or less commonly:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -i | -med |
accusative | -me | -med |
genitive | -me | -mete |
partitive | -it | -meid |
illative | -messe | -metesse -meisse |
inessive | -mes | -metes -meis |
elative | -mest | -metest -meist |
allative | -mele | -metele -meile |
adessive | -mel | -metel -meil |
ablative | -melt | -metelt -meilt |
translative | -meks | -meteks -meiks |
terminative | -meni | -meteni |
essive | -mena | -metena |
abessive | -meta | -meteta |
comitative | -mega | -metega |
Derived terms Edit
Finnish Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-i, from Proto-Uralic *-j (specifically its fusion with the stem vowel). Originally allomorphic with -o (< *-oi, in which the *-i- caused labialization of the preceding *a).
Suffix Edit
-i
- A non-productive nominal suffix deriving nouns from nominal stems.
- Forms nouns from some verbs.
- (archaic) Used to mark the first part of a compound word.
Derived terms Edit
See also Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
Conflation of Proto-Finnic *-i (from Proto-Uralic *-j (lative suffix)) and *-ik (from earlier *-jek, probably a combination of the aforementioned and Proto-Uralic *-k (lative suffix)).
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms lative adverbs.
Derived terms Edit
See also Edit
German Edit
Etymology Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i (informal)
- Forms pet names from given names, kinship terms, and terms of address.
- (endearing, sometimes derogatory) Forms nouns from adjectives and verbs denoting someone characterized by that word.
- Forms clippings.
- Pullover + -i → Pulli
- Schokolade + -i → Schoki
Derived terms Edit
See also Edit
Gothic Edit
Romanization Edit
-i
- Romanization of -𐌹
Greenlandic Edit
Suffix Edit
-i (v-v?, truncative?)
- Intransitivizes.
Usage notes Edit
Sometimes additive after r stems.
Many verbs are intransitivized simply by changing the inflectional ending, without changing the stem; of those that do use an affix, it is not predictable which of -i, -nnig, -ller and -si are used. Also, verbs may use more than one of these, with similarly unpredictable results (e.g. errorsivoq (“wash clothes”) vs. erruivoq (“do dishes”), both from errorpaa). If a verb uses one of these affixes, the unaffixed intransitive form may be passive, reciprocal or reflexive w.r.t. the transitive form.
Synonyms Edit
References Edit
- Bjørnum, S.: Grønlandsk grammatik, pp. 67-68. Atuagkat 2003.
- Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 106-107, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014
Hungarian Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Adjective-forming suffix.
Suffix Edit
-i
- (adjective-forming suffix) Added to proper nouns, certain common nouns and postpositions to form adjectives:
- names of places (toponyms),
- names of people (anthroponyms, thus eponyms),
- certain common nouns,
- and postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur).
Usage notes Edit
- Final -o and -ö (which only occur in non-Hungarian words) change to -ó and -ő.[1]
- Oslo → oslói (“Oslovian”)
- Malmö → malmői (“Malmö-based”)
- Victor Hugo → Victor Hugó-i (“Hugolian, Hugonian, Hugoesque”)
- If the suffix -i were to follow word-final -i, only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).[2][3]
- The other word-final short vowels (a, e, u, ü) remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
- Names with a fleeting vowel: Eger → egri, as well as names ending in -halom, e.g. Szigethalom → szigethalmi.
- Names ending in -falu (e.g. Leányfalu) may be suffixed in three ways: The official way is retaining the full form, e.g. leányfalui; in the vernacular, leányfalusi may be heard; and forms like leányfalvi are increasingly rare.[4]
- Names ending in a possessive suffix such as -falva, -halma, -háza, -földe (outside elements of proper names: földje), -telke: Official usage increasingly prefers retaining the whole name (e.g. nyíregyházai from Nyíregyháza), though in common parlance the word-final a and e tend to be dropped (e.g. nyíregyházi). The drawback of the latter is that the original form cannot be established (as nyíregyházi could theoretically derive from a non-existent *Nyíregyház).[4]
- For non–proper noun elements with a possessive suffix, native speakers often have a hard time trying to add this suffix, e.g. whether the last element of (Erzsébet királyné) útja and (Örs vezér) tere should become úti and téri (losing the mark of the possessive) or útjai and terei (having an ambiguous sense, primarily used for multiple possessions). As a rule of thumb, the former solution may be preferable.[4]
Synonyms Edit
Derived terms Edit
Further reading Edit
- On a multifunctional derivational affix: Its use in relational adjectives or nominal modification, and phrasal affixation in Hungarian by István Kenesei (see the Conclusion on page 19)
Etymology 2 Edit
Possessive plural.
Suffix Edit
-i
- possessive suffix for multiple possessions
- (with no noun for possessor) his, her, its ……-s (third-person singular; the pronoun ő (“s/he”) being optional for emphasis)
- kapu (“gate”) → a kapui (“his/her/its gates”), az ő kapui (“his/her gates”)
- érme (“coin”) → az érméi (“his/her/its coins”), az ő érméi (“his/her coins”)
- (with no noun for possessor, formal) your ……-s (second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg.)
- kapu (“gate”) → a kapui (“your [formal] gates”), az ön kapui, a maga kapui (“your [formal] gates”)
- construed with a noun or certain pronouns as the possessor: ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… (third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun)
- az ember(nek a) kapui ― the person’s gates
- a gyerek(nek az) érméi ― the child’s coins
- az emberek(nek a) kapui ― the people’s gates
- a gyerekek(nek az) érméi ― the children’s coins
- az önök kapui, a maguk kapui ― your (plural, formal) gates
- azok(nak a) kapui ― the gates of those
- ki(k)nek az érméi? ― whose coins?
- (with no noun for possessor) his, her, its ……-s (third-person singular; the pronoun ő (“s/he”) being optional for emphasis)
Usage notes Edit
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -i is added to words ending in a vowel except -i. Final -a changes to -á-; final -e changes to -é-. The latter feature distinguishes it from the -i (adjective-forming suffix), which does not lengthen the preceding -a/-e.
- -ai is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ei is added to some front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -jai is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
- -jei is added to some front-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
- If the possessed noun is in the plural and the possessor is expressed in English with a possessive pronoun only (rather than a noun), e.g. “their toys” (as opposed to “the children’s toys”), the -ik/-aik/-eik/-jaik/-jeik suffixes are required in Hungarian.
Etymology 3 Edit
Personal suffix.
Suffix Edit
-i
- (personal suffix) Used to form the definite third-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood).
Usage notes Edit
- (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.
Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
ő maga ön |
3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular |
-ja | -i | |
mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural |
-ják | -ik | |
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |
Etymology 4 Edit
Diminutive suffix.
Suffix Edit
-i
- (diminutive suffix) Added to nouns or their clipped form; mostly used by the younger generation or in informal conversations.
Etymology 5 Edit
See -e.
Suffix Edit
-i
- (dialectal, except for some set forms) Alternative form of -e (third-person singular single-possession possessive suffix)
- se szeri, se száma ― (instead of szere)[5]
- (dialectal, except for some set forms) Alternative form of -é (combining form of the above)
- íziben a mindenit töviről hegyire jószerivel frissiben dögivel bőviben sebtiben felibe/fölibe köribe közibe ― (instead of standard ízében, a mindenét, tövéről hegyére, jószerével, frissében (uncommon), dögével (uncommon), bővében, sebtében, felébe/fölébe, körébe/köréje, közébe/közéje/közé)[5]
See also Edit
- Category:Hungarian noun forms
- Category:Hungarian verb forms
- Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
References Edit
- ^ Section 216 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ^ Section 173 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ^ Section 215 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors. Nyelvművelő kéziszótár (’Concise Dictionary for Language Cultivation’). Second, revised and extended edition. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 birtokos személyjelek alaki változatai [“form variants of possessive suffixes”] in Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors. Nyelvművelő kéziszótár (’Concise Dictionary for Language Cultivation’). Second, revised and extended edition. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
Icelandic Edit
Etymology Edit
From Old Norse -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).
Suffix Edit
-i
- a nominal suffix, forming abstract nouns
Derived terms Edit
Ido Edit
Etymology Edit
Borrowed from Italian -i, Russian -и (-i). Also from English -i, used with Latin and Italian borrowings.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
Indonesian Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Malay -i, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i (local transitive suffix). Cognate of colloquial Indonesian -in.
Suffix Edit
-i (active imperative -i, active indicative meng- -i, active jussive/optative -ilah, non-accidental passive di- -i, accidental passive ter- -i)
- verbal suffix for manipulating, completing, or placing the object from a noun.
- transitive verbal suffix for causation in surface of the object from an adjective.
- transitive verbal suffix for doing activity to the object from a transitive verb.
- transitive locative imperative verbal suffix from a noun:
- to apply or give [base] to the object.
- Hormati orang tua! ― honour/respect parent!
- to remove [base] from the object.
- kuliti ― (de)skin, peel
- to apply or give [base] to the object.
- transitive adverbial imperative verbal suffix from a noun: to act as/be [base] with reference to object
- Sutradarai film ini! ― Direct this movie! (literally, “Become the producer of this film!”)
Usage notes Edit
This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, beli (“to buy”) does not derive into *belii, although other colloquial suffixes allow violation of the previous rule such as beliin (“buy it!”). Other examples include cari (← *carii) and capai (← *capaii).
Etymology 2 Edit
From Malay -i, from Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy).
Suffix Edit
-i
- adjectives suffix (with the meaning “related to ...”)
Alternative forms Edit
Derived terms Edit
Further reading Edit
- “-i” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Italian Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Suffix Edit
-i (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- used with a stem to form the second-person singular present of regular -are, -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take "isc"
- used with a stem to form the second-person imperative of -ere verbs
- used with a stem to form the first-, second- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -are verbs
- used with a stem to form the third-person singular imperative of -are verbs
Etymology 2 Edit
From Latin -ī, nominative plural of masculine nouns in -us.
Suffix Edit
-i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix)
- used to form the plural of nouns ending in -o
Etymology 3 Edit
There are two competing theories:
- Formed analogically by borrowing the -i plural of Italian nouns in -o.
- Formed phonologically from the expected Latin nominative/accusative plural -ēs according to the sound change -es > -ei > -i.
Suffix Edit
-i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix)
- used to form the plural of nouns ending in -e
Etymology 4 Edit
Perhaps from the Latin genitive singular ending -ī of masculine nouns in -us.
Suffix Edit
-i m or f by sense (noun-forming suffix, invariable)
- forms surnames from proper names, occupations, etc.
- Giacomo (“James, Jacob”) + -i → Giacomi (surname)
- Giacometto (“Jim, Jake”) + -i → Giacometti (surname)
- ferraro (“smith”) + -i → Ferrari (surname)
Latin Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Italic *-ai, from unknown origin.
Suffix Edit
-ī
- Used for the first person present perfect singular form of any regular verb.
Etymology 2 Edit
Unknown. Displaced Proto-Italic -osjo (See Proto-Italic *-os.), which was descended from Proto-Indo-European -osyo. (See Proto-Indo-European *-os.)
Suffix Edit
-ī
- genitive/locative singular of -us for second-declension nouns.
- genitive masculine/neuter singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.
- (uncommon) genitive feminine singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.
Etymology 3 Edit
From the pronominal declension.[1] Displaced -es except in the third declension.
Suffix Edit
-ī
- nominative/vocative plural of -us for most second-declension nouns.
- nominative/vocative masculine plural of -us for first/second-declension adjectives.
Etymology 4 Edit
Noun Edit
-ī
Etymology 5 Edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix Edit
-ī
References Edit
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 261
Lepontic Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Romanization of -𐌉
Livvi Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
Declension Edit
back vowel harmonic | front vowel harmonic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Derived terms Edit
Lower Sorbian Edit
Alternative forms Edit
- -y (after “hard” consonants)
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Slavic *-jь.
Suffix Edit
-i
- suffix creating an adjective from a noun, denoting ‘of or pertaining to’
Derived terms Edit
Makasar Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i, from Proto-Austronesian *-i.
Suffix Edit
-i
- suffix forming transitive verbs
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ia.
Pronoun Edit
-i (absolutive enclitic)
See also Edit
Malay Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- imperative verbal suffix
- Sayangi Kuala Lumpur. ― Love Kuala Lumpur.
- Renangi kolam itu. ― Swim that pool.
- (before a person, imperative) added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
- Emak menghadiahi adik sebuah basikal. ― Mother gives the brother a bicycle.
Synonyms Edit
- (before an object) -kan
Derived terms Edit
Maltese Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Suffix Edit
-i m (feminine -ija, plural -in)
- a derivational suffix, chiefly creating adjectives from nouns
Usage notes Edit
- Note that Romance adjectives in -i are treated differently and do not inflect.
Derived terms Edit
Related terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Sicilian -i. Though -i is not used as a plural ending in Arabic, it was integrated fairly easily as a large number of broken plurals happen to end in this vowel, compare tieqa → twieqi, etc.
Suffix Edit
-i
- a common plural suffix
- used in nouns and adjectives in -u
- used in some nouns in -a, chiefly ones of Romance origin
- used in some nouns and adjectives in a consonant, chiefly ones of Romance origin
Usage notes Edit
- Adjectives in -iku change to -iċi: demokratiku (“democratic”) → demokratiċi.
See also Edit
Maquiritari Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Unknown; unlike the other possessive suffixes found in the language, -i has no known cognates in any other Cariban language.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Marks a noun as possessed; used mostly with nouns referring to instruments, technologies, and manufactured products, and also with all loanwords.
Etymology 2 Edit
Alternative forms Edit
- (allophone after diphthongal i) -∅
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms the singular of the recent past perfective tense.
- Forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.
Usage notes Edit
This suffix does not cause syllable reduction. When it attaches to a stem that ends in a vowel followed by i, this suffix is unrealized (disappears).
The second sense can be readily distinguished from the first because it requires the distant-past third-person marker kün- instead of ordinary person markers.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 3 Edit
Possibly of the same origin as the previous suffix.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms the prohibitive mood.
Usage notes Edit
When the patient/object of a verb with this suffix is third-person, or when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is second-person, it must also take the prefix ön- (or one of its allomorphs) after the person marker. However, this prefix is not found when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is third-person.
References Edit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-i”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 112–113, 204–206, 213–222, 233
Middle English Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Alternative form of -y.
Etymology 2 Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Alternative form of -yf
Namuyi Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Used to give the prospective aspect to verbs
Derived terms Edit
Norman Edit
Etymology Edit
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix Edit
-i
- (Jersey) A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Derived terms Edit
Northern Sami Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jē. Cognate with Finnish -ja.
Suffix Edit
-i (with odd-syllable stems -eaddji)
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notes Edit
- This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
When attached to verbs in -ut, the suffix becomes -u.
Inflection Edit
Even i-stem, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -i | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -i -ẹ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -i | -it | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -i | -iid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -i -ẹ |
-iid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -ái | -iide | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -is | -iin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -iin | -iiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -in | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jëj.
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something.
Usage notes Edit
- This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel. Thus, the resulting word is essentially identical to the illative singular form. The noun declines as a contracted stem, with the inflectional stem lacking the -i.
Inflection Edit
Odd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -i | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -ja | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -i | -jat | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -ja | -jiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -ja | -jiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -jii | -jiidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -jis | -jiin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -jiin | -jiiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -jin | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 3 Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix Edit
-i
- The ending of the illative singular case.
Usage notes Edit
- This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix changes to the form -s- (for even-syllable stems) or -sa- (for odd-syllable stems).
Norwegian Nynorsk Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form past participle of strong verbs.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form singular definite form for strong feminine nouns.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form plural definite form for neuter nouns.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form feminine singular indefinite form for many adjectives.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form neuter singular indefinite form for many adjectives.
Ojibwe Edit
Final Edit
-i
- be such a number, such an amount
Derived terms Edit
Final Edit
-i
- occurs after initials to form animate intransitive verbs (vai)
Derived terms Edit
Final Edit
-i
- occurs in inanimate intransitive verbs (vii)
Derived terms Edit
Final Edit
-i
- occurs in some uninflected words, including preverbs
Derived terms Edit
References Edit
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644943
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644942
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644856
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/word-part/i-final-654844
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-3a8bda4a-247f-4fae-96ad-c8054d2a5525
Old High German Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-West Germanic *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
Suffix Edit
-ī
- productive suffix used to form abstract nouns from adjectives
Declension Edit
case | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | -ī | — |
accusative | -ī | — |
genitive | -ī | — |
dative | -ī | — |
Derived terms Edit
Descendants Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Cognate to Gothic -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins).
Suffix Edit
-ī
- non-productive suffix used to form action nouns from weak verbs
Usage notes Edit
In Old High German, this suffix is neither frequent nor productive. Many weak verbs have action nouns with -unga instead.
Declension Edit
Female n-declension
Old Irish Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i (suffixed pronoun)
Usage notes Edit
This suffix is used only after third-person singular forms. After 1st person singular forms in -(e)a, 1st person plural forms in -mi, and 3rd person plural forms in -(a)it, the suffix -it is sometimes used.
Derived terms Edit
See also Edit
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
3 sing. m. | a-N, e-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
3 sing. n. | a-L, e-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. |
Old Norse Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).
Suffix Edit
-i f
- -th. Forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent 'the state, quality or measure of' the adjective.
Declension Edit
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-ô, cognate with Gothic -𐌰 (-a).
Suffix Edit
-i m
- Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.
- Synonym: -ari
Declension Edit
Derived terms Edit
Old Polish Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьjь.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- forms adjectives from nouns, usually possessive
Derived terms Edit
Descendants Edit
- Polish: -i
Phalura Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Feminine agreement suffix
References Edit
- Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 2 Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Feminine agreement suffix
References Edit
Polish Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Old Polish -i, from Proto-Slavic *-ьjь.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i m
- Forms masculine adjectives meaning "belonging to", especially for animals
- Forms masculine adjectives derived from prepositional phrases
Declension Edit
Derived terms Edit
Further reading Edit
Portuguese Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- a suffix indicating the inflection of -ir:
Related terms Edit
Romani Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic feminine nouns
- Forms the nominative feminine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular feminine past tense of intransitive verbs
Romanian Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Inherited from Latin -ī (“second-declension plural ending”).
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- Used to form plurals
Usage notes Edit
- This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for masculine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases, regardless of singular form. The suffix may cause phonetic changes or vowel deletion (or both):
- lup + -i → lupi
- tată + -i → tați
- fiu + -i → fii
- frate + -i → frați
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
Inherited from Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of ille.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i m
- (definite article) the (masculine plural, nominative and accusative)
Usage notes Edit
This form of the definite article is used for masculine plural nouns in the nominative and accusative cases (as attached to the indefinite plural, which always ends in a vowel):
- lupi + -i → lupii
- tați + -i → tații
- fii + -i → fiii
- frați + -i → frații
- copii + -i → copiii
The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular plural adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.
Derived terms Edit
Related terms Edit
Etymology 3 Edit
Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish and French -ir, Italian -ire, etc.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Usage notes Edit
- Most verbs with infinitives in -i are marked by the once-inchoative infix -esc- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are vorbi (“to say”) and iubi (“to love”).
- A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -i but do not use the infix -esc-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verb dormi (“sleep”), simți (“feel”), auzi (“hear”).
- There is a variant form, -î, derived from the same Latin source.
Conjugation Edit
infinitive | a -i | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | -ind | ||||||
past participle | -it | ||||||
number | singular | plural | |||||
person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
indicative | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
present | - | -i | -e | -im | -iți | - | |
imperfect | -eam | -eai | -ea | -eam | -eați | -eau | |
simple perfect | -ii | -iși | -i | -irăm | -irăți | -iră | |
pluperfect | -isem | -iseși | -ise | -iserăm | -iserăți | -iseră | |
subjunctive | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
present | să - | să -i | să -ă | să -im | să -iți | să -ă | |
imperative | — | tu | — | — | voi | — | |
affirmative | -e | -iți | |||||
negative | nu -i | nu -iți |
Derived terms Edit
See also Edit
Etymology 4 Edit
From e (“is”).
Suffix Edit
-i
Derived terms Edit
Skolt Sami Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jē.
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Inflection Edit
This noun needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jëj.
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something.
Usage notes Edit
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel.
Inflection Edit
This adjective needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms Edit
Swahili Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- (without TAM infix) general negative marker
- sijui ― I don't know
Usage notes Edit
Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in -a do not take this suffix.
See also Edit
Swahili TAM markers | |
---|---|
Initial | |
Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
Negative infinitive | kuto- |
Habitual | hu-1 |
Telegrammic | ka-1 |
Final | |
General (positive indicative) | -a |
Positive subjunctive | -e |
Negative present | -i |
Second person plural | -ni |
Infix position positive subject concord | |
Positive past | -li- |
Positive present | -na- |
Positive future | -ta- |
Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
Positive present conditional | -nge- |
Negative present conditional | -singe- |
Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
Negative past conditional | -singali- |
Gnomic | -a-1 |
Perfect | -me- |
"Already" past | -lisha- |
"Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
"If/When" | -ki-1 |
"If not" | -sipo- |
Consecutive | -ka-1 |
Infix position negative subject concord | |
Negative past | -ku-1 |
Negative future | -ta- |
"Not yet" | -ja-1 |
Negative present conditional | -nge- |
Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
Relative | |
Past | -li- |
Present | -na- |
Future | -taka- |
Negative | -si- |
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. |
Etymology 2 Edit
Alternative forms Edit
- -zi (after a vowel)
Suffix Edit
-i
- (often with spirantization of the preceding consonant) suffix used in nominal forms of verbs, in conjunction with a noun class prefix
See also Edit
Swedish Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- -y; when added to one noun, creates a new one that indicates the use or activity of the first. See also -eri.
Derived terms Edit
Tagalog Edit
Alternative forms Edit
- -e — colloquial
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-i (Baybayin spelling ᜒ)
- (Batangas, Quezon, Marinduque) imperative suffix, usually equals to "-in/-an mo" in Standard Tagalog and other dialects
- Buksi yung pinto!
- Open the door!
Derived terms Edit
- Category Tagalog terms suffixed with -i not found
Turkish Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-ni (“accusative suffix”).
Suffix Edit
-i
Usage notes Edit
- It is used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into "-ı", "-u" and "-ü" according to the last vowel of the word. (possession suffix)
- If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
- If the word ends in a vowel, it is used with an auxiliary consonant "y":
- It must be used with an apostrophe if it is appended to a proper noun.
Etymology 2 Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-si (“third-person singular possessive suffix”).
Suffix Edit
-i
- Third-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession.
Usage notes Edit
The preceding usage notes also apply to this suffix, with one difference only:
- If the word ends in a vowel, it is used with the auxiliary consonant "s" (not "y"):
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 3 Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-ig.
Suffix Edit
preceding vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü |
-ı | -i | -u | -ü |
-i
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 4 Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-î), from Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy)
Alternative forms Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- The nisba suffix, an extremely productive suffix used to derive adjectives (with the meaning “related to ...”) or nouns (with the meaning “person related to ...”) from other nouns.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 5 Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Persian ـی.
Suffix Edit
-i
- Persian suffix creating abstract nouns from nouns or adjectives
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 6 Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـِ (-i), from Classical Persian ـِ (-i).
Suffix Edit
-i
- The ezafe particle.
Further reading Edit
Uzbek Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
Veps Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ja.
Suffix Edit
-i
- -er; forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notes Edit
When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.
Inflection Edit
Inflection of -i (inflection type 7/pedai) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative sing. | -i | ||
genitive sing. | -jan | ||
partitive sing. | -jad | ||
partitive plur. | -jid | ||
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -i | -jad | |
accusative | -jan | -jad | |
genitive | -jan | -jiden | |
partitive | -jad | -jid | |
essive-instructive | -jan | -jin | |
translative | -jaks | -jikš | |
inessive | -jas | -jiš | |
elative | -jaspäi | -jišpäi | |
illative | -jaha | -jihe | |
adessive | -jal | -jil | |
ablative | -jalpäi | -jilpäi | |
allative | -jale | -jile | |
abessive | -jata | -jita | |
comitative | -janke | -jidenke | |
prolative | -jadme | -jidme | |
approximative I | -janno | -jidenno | |
approximative II | -jannoks | -jidennoks | |
egressive | -jannopäi | -jidennopäi | |
terminative I | -jahasai | -jihesai | |
terminative II | -jalesai | -jilesai | |
terminative III | -jassai | — | |
additive I | -jahapäi | -jihepäi | |
additive II | -jalepäi | -jilepäi |
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
Adjectival/participal use of the agent noun suffix above.
Suffix Edit
-i
- -ing; forms the present active participle of verbs.
Usage notes Edit
When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.
Inflection Edit
Inflection of -i (inflection type 7/pedai) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative sing. | -i | ||
genitive sing. | -jan | ||
partitive sing. | -jad | ||
partitive plur. | -jid | ||
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -i | -jad | |
accusative | -jan | -jad | |
genitive | -jan | -jiden | |
partitive | -jad | -jid | |
essive-instructive | -jan | -jin | |
translative | -jaks | -jikš | |
inessive | -jas | -jiš | |
elative | -jaspäi | -jišpäi | |
illative | -jaha | -jihe | |
adessive | -jal | -jil | |
ablative | -jalpäi | -jilpäi | |
allative | -jale | -jile | |
abessive | -jata | -jita | |
comitative | -janke | -jidenke | |
prolative | -jadme | -jidme | |
approximative I | -janno | -jidenno | |
approximative II | -jannoks | -jidennoks | |
egressive | -jannopäi | -jidennopäi | |
terminative I | -jahasai | -jihesai | |
terminative II | -jalesai | -jilesai | |
terminative III | -jassai | — | |
additive I | -jahapäi | -jihepäi | |
additive II | -jalepäi | -jilepäi |
Derived terms Edit
Volapük Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
Welsh Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Cognate with Cornish -i and Irish -í.
Suffix Edit
-i
- Pluralisation suffix
Etymology 2 Edit
From Old Welsh -im, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.
Suffix Edit
-i
Usage notes Edit
This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant w (though for some such verbs, such as cadw, the verbnoun is given by the stem without a suffix) or the vowel in the last syllable is o, oe, or sometimes a.[1]
Etymology 3 Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
Usage notes Edit
-i causes i-affection of internal vowels.
Etymology 4 Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- used to form pet names
Etymology 5 Edit
Suffix Edit
-i
- (literary) verb suffix for the second-person singular present indicative/future
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular future
Usage notes Edit
In the literary language, -i causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, canu (“to sing”) + -i → ceni (“you sing, you will sing”).
Derived terms Edit
References Edit
- ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 v.
Zulu Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Bantu *-ì.
Suffix Edit
-i
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notes Edit
The suffix replaces the -a inherent in the verb stem.