Wiktionary

-i

See also: -ī and Appendix:Variations of "i"

English edit

Etymology 1 edit

From the Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy) or from Hebrew ־י (-i), both sharing a common Semitic root. In English productive from the 19th century.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Used to form adjectives and nouns describing people of a particular city, region, or country, and the language spoken by these people.
    ‎Iraq + ‎-i → ‎Iraqi
    ‎Israel + ‎-i → ‎Israeli
    ‎Pakistan + ‎-i → ‎Pakistani
    ‎Bengal + ‎-i → ‎Bengali
    ‎Nepal + ‎-i → ‎Nepali
    ‎Desh + ‎-i → ‎Desi
Translations edit

See also edit

References edit

  • OED, s.v. "-i, suffix2".

Etymology 2 edit

From Latin -ī, the plural ending of the Latin second declension, whence the plural of Italian nouns in -o and -e.

Pronunciation edit

  • (dependent on the specific lexical item, sometimes variable) enPR: ē, ī, IPA(key): /i/, /aɪ/

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Used to form the plural of some words of Latin or Italian origin.
    foci, fungi
    concerti, virtuosi

References edit

  • OED, s.v. "-i, suffix1".

Etymology 3 edit

Variant of -ie or -y.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Used to form diminutives of given names.
    Becki, Benji, Jimmi, Lexi, Nicki, Sammi, Sandi, Trini, Vicki

Afar edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i or -í

  1. Used to create nouns from class I verbs, denoting either the agent or the instrument of the action.

Usage notes edit

  • Used together with the prefix t- to create feminine nouns. The stress will shift to the last syllable.
  • Used together with the prefix y- to create masculine nouns. The stress will not be on the last syllable.

References edit

  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 118

Albanian edit

Etymology edit

From the ending Proto-Indo-European *-osyo, from Proto-Indo-European *-os. cognate to Messapic -aihi.[1][2][3] Related to Albanian i (“of, the, to”).

Pronunciation edit

Article edit

-i m

  1. masculine singular nominative suffixed definite article: the
    ‎malësor (“highlander”) + ‎-i → ‎malësori (“the highlander”)
    ‎mal (“mountain”) + ‎-i → ‎mali (“the mountain”)

Related terms edit

References edit

  1. ^ Matzinger 2015, pp. 62–66
  2. ^ Ismajli 2015, pp. 65–68.
  3. ^ Matzinger, Joachim (2017). "The Lexicon of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. 3. Walter de Gruyter.

Chuukese edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
  2. (added to transitive verbs) him, her, it (third person singular indirect object)

Usage notes edit

  • In Chuukese, transitive verbs in their base form already have the third person singular indirect object implied on them, although the suffix -i can be added for emphasis.

Esperanto edit

Etymology 1 edit

Perhaps from Latin deponent verbs such as loquī (“to speak”). Perhaps from French and Spanish verbs ending in -ir.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. verbal inflection marking the infinitive
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of -i
  present past future
singular plural singular plural singular plural
tense -as -is -os
active participle -anta -antaj -inta -intaj -onta -ontaj
acc. -antan -antajn -intan -intajn -ontan -ontajn
passive participle -ata -ataj -ita -itaj -ota -otaj
acc. -atan -atajn -itan -itajn -otan -otajn
nominal active participle -anto -antoj -into -intoj -onto -ontoj
acc. -anton -antojn -inton -intojn -onton -ontojn
nominal passive participle -ato -atoj -ito -itoj -oto -otoj
acc. -aton -atojn -iton -itojn -oton -otojn
adverbial active participle -ante -inte -onte
adverbial passive participle -ate -ite -ote
infinitive -i imperative -u conditional -us

Etymology 2 edit

Common to English e (pronounced [i]) in me, she, he, we and the Italian accusative pronouns mi, ti, vi, li, si.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. common vowel of personal pronouns: mi, ni, ci, vi, li, ŝi, ĝi, oni, ili, si.

Estonian edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Finnic *-in.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action.

Inflection edit

Declension of -i (ÕS type 1e/veski, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -i -id
accusative nom.
gen. -i
genitive -ite
partitive -it -eid
illative -isse -itesse
-eisse
inessive -is -ites
-eis
elative -ist -itest
-eist
allative -ile -itele
-eile
adessive -il -itel
-eil
ablative -ilt -itelt
-eilt
translative -iks -iteks
-eiks
terminative -ini -iteni
essive -ina -itena
abessive -ita -iteta
comitative -iga -itega

Or less commonly:

Declension of -i (ÕS type 5/liige, length gradation)
singular plural
nominative -i -med
accusative nom.
gen. -me
genitive -mete
partitive -it -meid
illative -messe -metesse
-meisse
inessive -mes -metes
-meis
elative -mest -metest
-meist
allative -mele -metele
-meile
adessive -mel -metel
-meil
ablative -melt -metelt
-meilt
translative -meks -meteks
-meiks
terminative -meni -meteni
essive -mena -metena
abessive -meta -meteta
comitative -mega -metega

Derived terms edit

Estonian terms suffixed with -i

Finnish edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Finnic *-i, from Proto-Uralic *-j (specifically its fusion with the stem vowel). Originally allomorphic with -o (< *-oi, in which the *-i- caused labialization of the preceding *a).

Suffix edit

-i

  1. A non-productive nominal suffix deriving nouns from nominal stems.
    ‎ukko (“(old) man”) + ‎-i → ‎ukki (“grandfather”)
  2. Forms nouns from some verbs.
  3. (archaic) Used to mark the first part of a compound word.
    ‎lehmä (“cow”) + ‎-i → ‎lehmi-
Derived terms edit
Finnish terms suffixed with -i (nominal)

See also edit

Etymology 2 edit

Conflated:

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Forms lative adverbs.
    ‎aueta (“to open”) + ‎-i → ‎auki (“open”)
    ‎ylä- (“upper, high”) + ‎-i → ‎yli (“over”)
Derived terms edit
Finnish terms suffixed with -i (adverbial)

See also edit

German edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-West Germanic *-ij-, *-j- (diminutive suffix). Compare Dutch -je (diminutive suffix), English -y (diminutive suffix).

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): [i]
  • Audio(file)

Suffix edit

-i (informal)

  1. Forms pet names from given names, kinship terms, and terms of address.
    ‎Hans + ‎-i → ‎Hansi
    ‎Papa (“dad, daddy”) + ‎-i → ‎Papi (“pops”)
    ‎Schatz (“sweetheart, darling”) + ‎-i → ‎Schatzi
  2. (endearing, sometimes derogatory) Forms nouns from adjectives and verbs denoting someone characterized by that word.
    ‎schlaff (“slack; weary”) + ‎-i → ‎Schlaffi (“weak, tired person”) (derogatory)
    ‎brummen (“to hum”) + ‎-i → ‎Brummi (“rig, truck”)
  3. Forms clippings.
    ‎Pullover + ‎-i → ‎Pulli
    ‎Schokolade + ‎-i → ‎Schoki

Derived terms edit

German terms suffixed with -i

See also edit

Gothic edit

Romanization edit

-i

  1. Romanization of -𐌹

Greenlandic edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i (v-v?, truncative?)

  1. Intransitivizes.

Usage notes edit

Sometimes additive after r stems.

Many verbs are intransitivized simply by changing the inflectional ending, without changing the stem; of those that do use an affix, it is not predictable which of -i, -nnig, -ller and -si are used. Also, verbs may use more than one of these, with similarly unpredictable results (e.g. errorsivoq (“wash clothes”) vs. erruivoq (“do dishes”), both from errorpaa). If a verb uses one of these affixes, the unaffixed intransitive form may be passive, reciprocal or reflexive w.r.t. the transitive form.

Synonyms edit

References edit

  • Bjørnum, S.: Grønlandsk grammatik, pp. 67-68. Atuagkat 2003.
  • Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 106-107, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014

Hungarian edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

Adjective-forming suffix.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. (adjective-forming suffix) Added to proper nouns, certain common nouns and postpositions to form adjectives:
    2. names of places (toponyms)
      ‎Amerika (“America”) + ‎-i → ‎amerikai (“American”)
    4. names of people (anthroponyms, thus eponyms)
      ‎Freud (“Freud”) + ‎-i → ‎freudi (“Freudian”)
    5. certain common nouns
      ‎város (“city”) + ‎-i → ‎városi (“urban”)
      ‎kémia (“chemistry”) + ‎-i → ‎kémiai (“chemical”)
    6. postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)
      ‎az ablak alatt (“under the window”) + ‎-i → ‎az ablak alatti szék (“the chair under the window”)
Usage notes edit
  • Final -o and -ö (which only occur in non-Hungarian words) change to -ó and -ő.[1]
    Oslo → oslói (“Oslovian”)
    Malmö → malmői (“Malmö-based”)
    Victor Hugo → Victor Hugó-i (“Hugolian, Hugonian, Hugoesque”)
  • If the suffix -i were to follow word-final -i, only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).[2][3]
    Helsinki → helsinki (“Helsinkian”)
    Zamárdi (a town in Somogy County, Hungary) → zamárdi (“from Zamárdi”, in theory, it could also derive from a non-existent *Zamárd)
  • The other word-final short vowels (a, e, u, ü) remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
    Prága (“Prague”) → prágai (“Praguian”)
    Goethe → goethei (“Goethean”)
    Peru → perui (“Peruvian”)
    Öskü (a village in Veszprém County, Hungary) → ösküi (“from Öskü”)
  • The fact that word-final a and e remain short before the adjective-forming -i often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in a and e, e.g. formai (“formal”) and formái (“his/her/its forms”) or megyei (“county-level”) and megyéi (“his/her/its counties”).
  • Names with a fleeting vowel: Eger → egri, as well as names ending in -halom, e.g. Szigethalom → szigethalmi.
  • Names ending in -falu (e.g. Leányfalu) may be suffixed in three ways: The official way is retaining the full form, e.g. leányfalui; in the vernacular, leányfalusi may be heard; and forms like leányfalvi are increasingly rare.[4]
  • Names ending in a possessive suffix such as -falva, -halma, -háza, -földe (outside elements of proper names: földje), -telke: Official usage increasingly prefers retaining the whole name (e.g. nyíregyházai from Nyíregyháza), though in common parlance the word-final a and e tend to be dropped (e.g. nyíregyházi). The drawback of the latter is that the original form cannot be established (as nyíregyházi could theoretically derive from a non-existent *Nyíregyház).[4]
  • For non–proper noun elements with a possessive suffix, native speakers often have a hard time trying to add this suffix, e.g. whether the last element of (Erzsébet királyné) útja and (Örs vezér) tere should become úti and téri (losing the mark of the possessive) or útjai and terei (having an ambiguous sense, primarily used for multiple possessions). As a rule of thumb, the former solution may be preferable.[4]
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Hungarian adjectives suffixed with -i
Hungarian terms suffixed with -i

Further reading edit

Etymology 2 edit

Possessive plural.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. possessive suffix for multiple possessions
    1. (with no noun for possessor) his, her, its ……-s (third-person singular; the pronoun ő (“s/he”) being optional for emphasis)
      kapu (“gate”) → a kapui (“his/her/its gates”), az ő kapui (“his/her gates”)
      érme (“coin”) → az érméi (“his/her/its coins”), az ő érméi (“his/her coins”)
    2. (with no noun for possessor, formal) your ……-s (second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg.)
      kapu (“gate”) → a kapui (“your [formal] gates”), az ön kapui, a maga kapui (“your [formal] gates”)
    3. construed with a noun or certain pronouns as the possessor: ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… (third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun)
      az ember(nek a) kapui ― the person’s gates
      a gyerek(nek az) érméi ― the child’s coins
      az emberek(nek a) kapui ― the people’s gates
      a gyerekek(nek az) érméi ― the children’s coins
      az önök kapui, a maguk kapui ― your (plural, formal) gates
      azok(nak a) kapui ― the gates of those
      ki(k)nek az érméi? ― whose coins?
Usage notes edit
  • (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -i is added to words ending in a vowel except -i. Final -a changes to -á-; final -e changes to -é-. The latter feature distinguishes it from the -i (adjective-forming suffix), which does not lengthen the preceding -a/-e.
    -ai is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ei is added to some front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -jai is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
    -jei is added to some front-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
    • If the possessed noun is in the plural and the possessor is expressed in English with a possessive pronoun only (rather than a noun), e.g. “their toys” (as opposed to “the children’s toys”), the -ik/-aik/-eik/-jaik/-jeik suffixes are required in Hungarian.

Etymology 3 edit

Personal suffix.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. (personal suffix) Forms the definite third-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood).
    ‎kér (“to request”) + ‎-i → ‎kéri (“he/she asks him/her or for that thing, he/she is asking him/her or for that thing”)
Usage notes edit
  • (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.
    Present tense definite – personal endings
Person Back vowel Front vowel
unrounded   rounded  
én 1st person singular -om -em -öm
te 2nd person singular -od -ed -öd
ő
maga
ön 		3rd person singular or
formal 2nd person singular 		-ja -i
mi 1st person plural -juk -jük
ti 2nd person plural -játok -itek
ők
maguk
önök 		3rd person plural or
formal 2nd person plural 		-ják -ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and
second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

Etymology 4 edit

Diminutive suffix.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. (diminutive suffix) Added to nouns or their clipped form; mostly used by the younger generation or in informal conversations.
    fagylalt → fagyi (“ice cream”)

Etymology 5 edit

See -e.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. (dialectal, except for some set forms) Alternative form of -e (third-person singular single-possession possessive suffix)
    se szeri, se száma ― (instead of szere)[5]
  3. (dialectal, except for some set forms) Alternative form of -é (combining form of the above)
    íziben a mindenit töviről hegyire jószerivel frissiben dögivel bőviben sebtiben felibe/fölibe köribe közibe ― (instead of standard ízében, a mindenét, tövéről hegyére, jószerével, frissében (uncommon), dögével (uncommon), bővében, sebtében, felébe/fölébe, körébe/​köréje, közébe/​közéje/​közé)[5]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Section 216 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
  2. ^ Section 173 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
  3. ^ Section 215 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors. Nyelvművelő kéziszótár (’Concise Dictionary for Language Cultivation’). Second, revised and extended edition. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 birtokos személyjelek alaki változatai [“form variants of possessive suffixes”] in Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors. Nyelvművelő kéziszótár (’Concise Dictionary for Language Cultivation’). Second, revised and extended edition. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN

Icelandic edit

Etymology edit

From Old Norse -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).

Suffix edit

-i

  1. a nominal suffix, forming abstract nouns

Derived terms edit

Icelandic terms suffixed with -i

Ido edit

Etymology edit

Borrowed from Italian -i, Russian -и (-i). Also from English -i, used with Latin and Italian borrowings.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. -s; marks the plural form of nouns, by replacing the -o ending
    ‎libro (“book”) + ‎-i → ‎libri (“books”)

Indonesian edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Malay -i, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i (local transitive suffix). Cognate of colloquial Indonesian -in.

Suffix edit

-i (active imperative -i, active indicative meng- -i, active jussive/optative -ilah, ordinary accidental passive di- -i, accidental/perfective passive ter- -i)

  1. verbal suffix for manipulating, completing, or placing the object from a noun.
  2. transitive verbal suffix for causation in surface of the object from an adjective.
  3. transitive verbal suffix for doing activity to the object from a transitive verb.
  4. transitive locative imperative verbal suffix from a noun:
    1. to apply or give [base] to the object.
      Hormati orang tua! ― honour/respect parent!
    2. to remove [base] from the object.
      kuliti ― (de)skin, peel
  5. transitive adverbial imperative verbal suffix from a noun: to act as/be [base] with reference to object
    Sutradarai film ini! ― Direct this movie! (literally, “Become the producer of this film!”)
Usage notes edit

This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, beli (“to buy”) does not derive into *belii, although other colloquial suffixes allow violation of the previous rule such as beliin (“buy it!”). Other examples include cari (← *carii) and capai (← *capaii).

Alternative forms edit

Etymology 2 edit

From Malay -i, from Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy).

Suffix edit

-i

  1. adjectives suffix (with the meaning “related to ...”)
Alternative forms edit

Derived terms edit

Indonesian terms suffixed with -i

Further reading edit

Italian edit

Etymology 1 edit

Suffix edit

-i (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

  1. used with a stem to form the second-person singular present of regular -are, -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take "isc"
  2. used with a stem to form the second-person imperative of -ere verbs
  3. used with a stem to form the first-, second- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -are verbs
  4. used with a stem to form the third-person singular imperative of -are verbs

Etymology 2 edit

From Latin -ī, nominative plural of masculine nouns in -us.

Suffix edit

-i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix)

  1. used to form the plural of nouns ending in -o

Etymology 3 edit

There are two competing theories:

  1. Formed analogically by borrowing the -i plural of Italian nouns in -o.
  2. Formed phonologically from the expected Latin nominative/accusative plural -ēs according to the sound change -es > -ei > -i.

Suffix edit

-i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix)

  1. used to form the plural of nouns ending in -e

Etymology 4 edit

Perhaps from the Latin genitive singular ending -ī of masculine nouns in -us.

Suffix edit

-i m or f by sense (noun-forming suffix, invariable)

  1. forms surnames from proper names, occupations, etc.
    ‎Giacomo (“James, Jacob”) + ‎-i → ‎Giacomi (surname)
    ‎Giacometto (“Jim, Jake”) + ‎-i → ‎Giacometti (surname)
    ‎ferraro (“smith”) + ‎-i → ‎Ferrari (surname)

Latin edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Italic *-ai, from unknown origin.

Suffix edit

-ī

  1. Used for the first person present perfect singular form of any regular verb.

Etymology 2 edit

Unknown. Compare Proto-Celtic *-ī (genitive singular ending). Displaced Proto-Italic -osjo (See Proto-Italic *-os.), which was descended from Proto-Indo-European -osyo. (See Proto-Indo-European *-os.)

Suffix edit

-ī

  1. genitive/locative singular of -us for second-declension nouns.
  2. genitive masculine/neuter singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.
  3. (uncommon) genitive feminine singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.

Etymology 3 edit

From the pronominal declension.[1] Displaced -es except in the third declension.

Suffix edit

-ī

  1. nominative/vocative plural of -us for most second-declension nouns.
  2. nominative/vocative masculine plural of -us for first/second-declension adjectives.

Etymology 4 edit

Noun edit

-ī

  1. dative/ablative singular of -ēs

Etymology 5 edit

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix edit

-ī

  1. dative singular of -s
  2. ablative neuter singular of -s

References edit

  1. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 261

Lepontic edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Romanization of -𐌉

Livvi edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er

Declension edit

back vowel harmonic front vowel harmonic
Declension of -i (Type 19/lugii, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -i -jat
genitive -jan -join,
-jiin
partitive -jua -joi,
-jii
illative -jah -joih,
-jiih
inessive -jas -jois,
-jiis
elative -jaspäi -joispäi,
-jiispäi
allative -jale -joile,
-jiile
adessive -jal -joil,
-jiil
ablative -jalpäi -joilpäi,
-jiilpäi
translative -jakse -joikse,
-jiikse
essive -jannu -joinnu,
-jiinnu
abessive -jattah -joittah,
-jiittah
comitative -janke -joinke,
-jiinke
instructive -join,
-jiin
prolative -jači
Declension of -i (Type 20/keittäi, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -i -jät
genitive -jän -jöin,
-jiin
partitive -jiä -jöi,
-jii
illative -jäh -jöih,
-jiih
inessive -jäs -jöis,
-jiis
elative -jäspäi -jöispäi,
-jiispäi
allative -jäle -jöile,
-jiile
adessive -jäl -jöil,
-jiil
ablative -jälpäi -jöilpäi,
-jiilpäi
translative -jäkse -jöikse,
-jiikse
essive -jänny -jöinny,
-jiinny
abessive -jättäh -jöittäh,
-jiittäh
comitative -jänke -jöinke,
-jiinke
instructive -jöin,
-jiin
prolative -jäči

Derived terms edit

Livvi terms suffixed with -i

Lower Sorbian edit

Alternative forms edit

  • -y (after “hard” consonants)

Etymology edit

From Proto-Slavic *-jь.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. suffix creating an adjective from a noun, denoting ‘of or pertaining to’

Derived terms edit

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -i

Makasar edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i, from Proto-Austronesian *-i.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. suffix forming transitive verbs
Derived terms edit
Makasar terms suffixed with -i

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ia.

Pronoun edit

-i (absolutive enclitic)

  1. he, him, she, it, they, them (third person singular and plural)

See also edit

Makasar free and bound pronouns
Independent Absolutive Nominative Possessive
1st sg / 1st pl excl nakke -a' ku- -ku
1st pl excl (archaic) kambe -kang ki- -mang
1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite katte -ki' ki- -ta
2nd sg / pl familiar kau -ko nu- -nu
3rd sg / pl ia -i na- -na

Malay edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. imperative verbal suffix
    Sayangi Kuala Lumpur. ― Love Kuala Lumpur.
    Renangi kolam itu. ― Swim that pool.
  2. (before a person, imperative) added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
    Emak menghadiahi adik sebuah basikal. ― Mother gives the brother a bicycle.

Synonyms edit

  • (before an object) -kan

Derived terms edit

Malay terms suffixed with -i

Maltese edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy).

Suffix edit

-i m (feminine -ija, plural -in)

  2. a derivational suffix, chiefly creating adjectives from nouns
Usage notes edit
  • Note that Romance adjectives in -i are treated differently and do not inflect.
Derived terms edit
Maltese terms suffixed with -i (adjectival)
Related terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

From Sicilian -i. Though -i is not used as a plural ending in Arabic, it was integrated fairly easily as a large number of broken plurals happen to end in this vowel, compare tieqa → twieqi, etc.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. a common plural suffix
    1. used in nouns and adjectives in -u
      numru (“number”) → numri (“numbers”)
      illużorju (“illusory”) → illużorji
    2. used in some nouns in -a, chiefly ones of Romance origin
      frawla (“strawberry”) → frawli (“strawberries”)
      qawsalla (“rainbow”) → qawsalli (“rainbows”)
    3. used in some nouns and adjectives in a consonant, chiefly ones of Romance origin
      frisk (“fresh”) → friski
Usage notes edit

See also edit

Middle English edit

Etymology 1 edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Alternative form of -y.

Etymology 2 edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Alternative form of -yf

Mokilese edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Used to form transitive verbs from intransitive verbs or nouns

Derived terms edit

Mokilese terms suffixed with -i

Namuyi edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Used to give the prospective aspect to verbs

Derived terms edit

Namuyi terms suffixed with -i

Norman edit

Etymology edit

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. (Jersey) A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.

Derived terms edit

Norman terms suffixed with -i

Northern Sami edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Samic *-jē. Cognate with Finnish -ja.

Suffix edit

-i (with odd-syllable stems -eaddji)

  2. Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notes edit
  • This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

When attached to verbs in -ut, the suffix becomes -u.

Inflection edit
Even i-stem, no gradation
Nominative -i
Genitive -i
-ẹ
Singular Plural
Nominative -i -it
Accusative -i -iid
Genitive -i
-ẹ 		-iid
Illative -ái -iide
Locative -is -iin
Comitative -iin -iiguin
Essive -in
Possessive forms
Singular Dual Plural
1st person -án -áme -ámet
2nd person -át -áde -ádet
3rd person -is -iska -iset
Derived terms edit
Northern Sami terms suffixed with -i (agent noun)

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Samic *-jëj.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something.
    ‎geađgi (“stone”) + ‎-i → ‎geađgái (“stony”)
    ‎vuodja (“fat”) + ‎-i → ‎vuddjii (“rich in fat”)
Usage notes edit
  • This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel. Thus, the resulting word is essentially identical to the illative singular form. The noun declines as a contracted stem, with the inflectional stem lacking the -i.

Inflection edit
Odd, no gradation
Nominative -i
Genitive -ja
Singular Plural
Nominative -i -jat
Accusative -ja -jiid
Genitive -ja -jiid
Illative -jii -jiidda
Locative -jis -jiin
Comitative -jiin -jiiguin
Essive -jin
Possessive forms
Singular Dual Plural
1st person -jan -jeamẹ -jeamẹt
2nd person -jat -jeattẹ -jeattẹt
3rd person -jis -jeaskkạ -jeasẹt
Derived terms edit
Northern Sami terms suffixed with -i (abundance)

Etymology 3 edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix edit

-i

  1. The ending of the illative singular case.
Usage notes edit
  • This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix changes to the form -s- (for even-syllable stems) or -sa- (for odd-syllable stems).

Norwegian Nynorsk edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. (non-standard since 2012) Used to form past participle of strong verbs.
  2. (non-standard since 2012) Used to form singular definite form for strong feminine nouns.
  3. (non-standard since 2012) Used to form plural definite form for neuter nouns.
  4. (non-standard since 2012) Used to form feminine singular indefinite form for many adjectives.
  5. (non-standard since 2012) Used to form neuter singular indefinite form for many adjectives.

Ojibwe edit

Final edit

-i

  1. be such a number, such an amount

Derived terms edit

Final edit

-i

  1. occurs after initials to form animate intransitive verbs (vai)

Derived terms edit

Final edit

-i

  1. occurs in inanimate intransitive verbs (vii)

Derived terms edit

Final edit

-i

  1. occurs in some uninflected words, including preverbs

Derived terms edit

References edit

Old High German edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-West Germanic *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

Suffix edit

-ī

  1. productive suffix used to form abstract nouns from adjectives
    ‎manag (“many”) + ‎-i → ‎menigī, managī (“crowd, amount”)
    ‎tiuf (“deep”) + ‎-i → ‎tiufī (“depth”)
    ‎finstar (“dark”) + ‎-i → ‎finstrī, finstarī (“darkness”)
    ‎hōh (“high”) + ‎-i → ‎hōhī (“height”)
    ‎lang (“long”) + ‎-i → ‎lengī (“length”)
    ‎breit (“broad”) + ‎-i → ‎breitī (“breadth”)
Declension edit
Declension of -ī (īn-stem)
case singular plural
nominative -ī —
accusative -ī —
genitive -ī —
dative -ī —
Derived terms edit
Old High German terms suffixed with -i
Descendants edit
  • Middle High German: -e
    • German: -e

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Cognate to Gothic -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins).

Suffix edit

-ī

  1. non-productive suffix used to form action nouns from weak verbs
    ‎toufen (“to baptise”) + ‎-i → ‎toufī (“baptism”)
    ‎wellen (“to choose”) + ‎-i → ‎welī (“choice”)
Usage notes edit

In Old High German, this suffix is neither frequent nor productive. Many weak verbs have action nouns with -unga instead.

Declension edit

Female n-declension

Old Irish edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i (suffixed pronoun)

  1. him
  2. it (object pronoun)

Usage notes edit

This suffix is used only after third-person singular forms. After 1st person singular forms in -(e)a, 1st person plural forms in -mi, and 3rd person plural forms in -(a)it, the suffix -it is sometimes used.

Derived terms edit

Old Irish terms suffixed with -i

See also edit

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person Infixed Suffixed
Class A Class B Class C
1 sing. m-L dom-L, dam-L -um
2 sing. t-L dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L -ut
3 sing. m. a-N, e-N d-N id-N, did-N, d-N -i, -it
3 sing. f. s-(N) da- -us
3 sing. n. a-L, e-L d-L id-L, did-L, d-L -i, -it
1 pl. n- don-, dun-, dan- -unn
2 pl. b- dob-, dub-, dab- -uib
3 pl. s-(N) da- -us
L means this form triggers lenition.
N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis)
(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Old Norse edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).

Suffix edit

-i f

  2. -th. Forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent 'the state, quality or measure of' the adjective.
Declension edit
  Declension of -i (weak īn-stem, singular only)
feminine singular
indefinite definite
nominative -i -in
accusative -i -ina
dative -i -inni
genitive -i -innar
Derived terms edit
Old Norse terms suffixed with -i (abstract noun)

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Germanic *-ô, cognate with Gothic -𐌰 (-a).

Suffix edit

-i m

  2. Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.
    Synonym: -ari
Declension edit
  Declension of -i (weak an-stem)
masculine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative -i -inn -ar -arnir
accusative -a -ann -a -ana
dative -a -anum -um -unum
genitive -a -ans -a -anna
Derived terms edit
Old Norse terms suffixed with -i (agent noun)

Old Polish edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьjь.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. forms adjectives from nouns, usually possessive

Derived terms edit

Old Polish terms suffixed with -i

Descendants edit

  • Polish: -i

Phalura edit

Etymology 1 edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Feminine agreement suffix

References edit

  • Liljegren, Henrik, Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Etymology 2 edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Feminine agreement suffix

References edit

  • Liljegren, Henrik, Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[3], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Polish -i, from Proto-Slavic *-ьjь.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i m

  1. forms masculine adjectives meaning "belonging to", especially for animals
    ‎koza + ‎-i → ‎kozi
    ‎kot + ‎-i → ‎koci
    ‎pies + ‎-i → ‎psi
  2. forms masculine adjectives derived from prepositional phrases
    ‎noga + ‎-i → ‎beznogi

Declension edit

Declension of -i (soft)
singular plural
masculine animate masculine inanimate feminine neuter virile (= masculine personal) non-virile
nominative -i -ia -ie -i -ie
genitive -iego -iej -iego -ich
dative -iemu -iej -iemu -im
accusative -iego -i -ią -ie -ich -ie
instrumental -im -ią -im -imi
locative -im -iej -im -ich

Derived terms edit

Polish terms suffixed with -i

Further reading edit

  • -i in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. a suffix indicating the inflection of -ir:
    1. first-person singular preterite indicative
    2. second-person plural imperative

Related terms edit

  • -ei (affirmative imperative for 2nd-conjugation verbs)
  • -ai (affirmative imperative for 1st-conjugation verbs and negative imperative for 3rd-conjugation verbs)

Romani edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic feminine nouns
  2. Forms the nominative feminine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
  3. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular feminine past tense of intransitive verbs

Romanian edit

Etymology 1 edit

Inherited from Latin -ī (“second-declension plural ending”).

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  2. Used to form plurals
Usage notes edit
  • This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for masculine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases, regardless of singular form. The suffix may cause phonetic changes or vowel deletion (or both):
  • ‎lup + ‎-i → ‎lupi
  • ‎tată + ‎-i → ‎tați
  • ‎fiu + ‎-i → ‎fii
  • ‎frate + ‎-i → ‎frați
Derived terms edit
Romanian terms suffixed with -i (plural)

Etymology 2 edit

Inherited from Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of ille.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i m

  2. (definite article) the (masculine plural, nominative and accusative)
Usage notes edit

This form of the definite article is used for masculine plural nouns in the nominative and accusative cases (as attached to the indefinite plural, which always ends in a vowel):

The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular plural adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.

Derived terms edit
Romanian terms suffixed with -i (article)
Related terms edit
  • -l (masculine/neuter singular nominative and accusative)
  • -a (feminine singular nominative and accusative)
  • -le (feminine plural nominative and accusative)
  • -lui (masculine/neuter singular genitive and dative)
  • -ei (feminine singular genitive and dative)
  • -lor (plural genitive and dative)

Etymology 3 edit

Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish and French -ir, Italian -ire, etc.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  2. A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Usage notes edit
  • Most verbs with infinitives in -i are marked by the once-inchoative infix -esc- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are vorbi (“to say”) and iubi (“to love”).
  • A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -i but do not use the infix -esc-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verb dormi (“sleep”), simți (“feel”), auzi (“hear”).
  • There is a variant form, -î, derived from the same Latin source.
Conjugation edit
    conjugation of -i (fourth conjugation, no infix)
infinitive a -i
gerund -ind
past participle -it
number singular plural
person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative eu tu el/ea noi voi ei/ele
present - -i -e -im -iți -
imperfect -eam -eai -ea -eam -eați -eau
simple perfect -ii -iși -i -irăm -irăți -iră
pluperfect -isem -iseși -ise -iserăm -iserăți -iseră
subjunctive eu tu el/ea noi voi ei/ele
present să - să -i să -ă să -im să -iți să -ă
imperative — tu — — voi —
affirmative -e -iți
negative nu -i nu -iți
Derived terms edit
Romanian terms suffixed with -i (infinitive)

See also edit

Etymology 4 edit

From e (“is”).

Suffix edit

-i

  2. is
Derived terms edit
Romanian terms suffixed with -i (is)

Skolt Sami edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Samic *-jē.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Inflection edit

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms edit
Skolt Sami terms suffixed with -i (agent noun)

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Samic *-jëj.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something.
Usage notes edit

Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel.

Inflection edit

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms edit
Skolt Sami terms suffixed with -i (abundance)

Swahili edit

Etymology 1 edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. (without TAM infix) general negative marker
    sijui ― I don't know
    • 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎[4], translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 11:
      مُيُ وَاغُ نِنِ هُزُدُكَانِ ، لِكُغُرِيِلُ هِيْلَ نِنْنِ ،
      Moyo wangu nini huzundukani, likughuriyelo hela ni-n'ni?
      Soul, why not awake? Hi! what is it that cheats you?
Usage notes edit

Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in -a do not take this suffix.

See also edit

Swahili TAM markers
Initial
Positive infinitive ku-/kw-1
Negative infinitive kuto-
Habitual hu-1
Telegrammic ka-1
Final
General (positive indicative) -a
Positive subjunctive -e
Negative present -i
Second person plural -ni
Infix position
positive subject concord
Positive past -li-
Positive present -na-
Positive future -ta-
Negative subjunctive -si-1
Positive present conditional -nge-
Negative present conditional -singe-
Positive past conditional -ngali-
Negative past conditional -singali-
Gnomic -a-1
Perfect -me-
"Already" past -lisha-
"Already" present -mesha-/-sha-
"If/When" -ki-1
"If not" -sipo-
Consecutive -ka-1
Infix position
negative subject concord
Negative past -ku-1
Negative future -ta-
"Not yet" -ja-1
Negative present conditional -nge-
Negative past conditional -ngali-
Relative
Past -li-
Present -na-
Future -taka-
Negative -si-
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

Etymology 2 edit

Alternative forms edit

  • (after a vowel) -zi

Suffix edit

-i

  1. (often with spirantization of the preceding consonant) suffix used in nominal forms of verbs, in conjunction with a noun class prefix
    ‎-penda (“to love”) + ‎-i → ‎mpenzi (“lover”)
    ‎-andika (“to write”) + ‎-i → ‎maandishi (“writing, script”)

See also edit

Swahili terms suffixed with -i

Swedish edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. -y; when added to one noun, creates a new one that indicates the use or activity of the first. See also -eri.

Derived terms edit

Swedish terms suffixed with -i

Tagalog edit

Alternative forms edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒ) (Batangas, Quezon, Marinduque)

  1. imperative suffix, usually equals to "-in/-an mo" in Standard Tagalog and other dialects
    Buksi yung pinto!
    Open the door!

Derived terms edit

  • Category Tagalog terms suffixed with -i not found

Turkish edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-ni (“accusative suffix”).

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Accusative suffix.
    ‎gelin + ‎-i → ‎gelini
Usage notes edit
  • It is used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into "-ı", "-u" and "-ü" according to the last vowel of the word. (possession suffix)
    ‎kız + ‎-i → ‎kızı (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")
    ‎yol + ‎-i → ‎yolu (the last vowel is "o" or "u")
    ‎yüz + ‎-i → ‎yüzü (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")
  • If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t", "k", "nk", "g", or "f", they may change into "b", "c", "d", "ğ", "ng", "bb", "tt", "kk", "ff".
    ‎sebep + ‎-i → ‎sebebi
    ‎çekiç + ‎-i → ‎çekici
    ‎senet + ‎-i → ‎senedi
    ‎çiçek + ‎-i → ‎çiçeği
    ‎renk + ‎-i → ‎rengi
    ‎psikolog + ‎-i → ‎psikoloğu
    ‎tıp + ‎-i → ‎tıbbı
    ‎hat + ‎-i → ‎hattı
    ‎hak + ‎-i → ‎hakkı
    ‎af + ‎-i → ‎affı
  • Some words may lose their final vowel when this suffix is attached.
    ‎gönül + ‎-i → ‎gönlü
    ‎metin + ‎-i → ‎metni
    ‎akıl + ‎-i → ‎aklı
    ‎fikir + ‎-i → ‎fikri
  • If the word ends in a vowel, it is used with an auxiliary consonant "y":
    ‎kedi + ‎-i → ‎kediyi
  • It must be used with an apostrophe if it is appended to a proper noun.
    ‎Zafer + ‎-i → ‎Zafer'i
    ‎Ali + ‎-i → ‎Ali'yi

Etymology 2 edit

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-si (“third-person singular possessive suffix”).

Suffix edit

-i

  2. Third-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession.
    ‎ev (“house”) + ‎-i → ‎evi (“his/her/its house”)
    ‎ofis (“office”) + ‎-i → ‎ofisi (“his/her/its office”)
Usage notes edit

The preceding usage notes also apply to this suffix, with one difference only:

  • If the word ends in a vowel, it is used with the auxiliary consonant "s" (not "y"):
    ‎kedi + ‎-i → ‎kedisi
    ‎Ali + ‎-i → ‎Ali'si
Derived terms edit
Turkish terms suffixed with -i (possessive)

Etymology 3 edit

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-ig.

Suffix edit

preceding vowel
A / I E / İ O / U Ö / Ü
-ı -i -u -ü

-i

  2. Suffix creating nouns out of verbs
    ‎ver- (“to give”) + ‎-i → ‎veri (“data”)
    ‎diz- (“to align”) + ‎-i → ‎dizi (“sequence, set, series”)
Derived terms edit
Turkish terms suffixed with -i (deverbal nominal)

Etymology 4 edit

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-î), from Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy)

Alternative forms edit

Suffix edit

-i

  2. The nisba suffix, an extremely productive suffix used to derive adjectives (with the meaning “related to ...”) or nouns (with the meaning “person related to ...”) from other nouns.
Derived terms edit
Turkish terms suffixed with -i (nisba)

Etymology 5 edit

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Persian ـی.

Suffix edit

-i

  2. Persian suffix creating abstract nouns from nouns or adjectives
Derived terms edit
Turkish terms suffixed with -i (Persian abstract suffix)

Etymology 6 edit

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـِ (-i), from Classical Persian ـِ (-i).

Suffix edit

-i

  1. The ezafe particle.

Further reading edit

Uzbek edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Third-person singular possessive suffix. Used after a noun ending in a consonant. It has the same meaning as uning (“its”) placed before a noun. Also used to form definite accusative forms of nouns.
    Bu kitobi.
    This is its book.

Veps edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Finnic *-ja.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. -er; forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notes edit

When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.

Inflection edit
Inflection of -i (inflection type 7/pedai)
nominative sing. -i
genitive sing. -jan
partitive sing. -jad
partitive plur. -jid
singular plural
nominative -i -jad
accusative -jan -jad
genitive -jan -jiden
partitive -jad -jid
essive-instructive -jan -jin
translative -jaks -jikš
inessive -jas -jiš
elative -jaspäi -jišpäi
illative -jaha -jihe
adessive -jal -jil
ablative -jalpäi -jilpäi
allative -jale -jile
abessive -jata -jita
comitative -janke -jidenke
prolative -jadme -jidme
approximative I -janno -jidenno
approximative II -jannoks -jidennoks
egressive -jannopäi -jidennopäi
terminative I -jahasai -jihesai
terminative II -jalesai -jilesai
terminative III -jassai —
additive I -jahapäi -jihepäi
additive II -jalepäi -jilepäi
Derived terms edit
Veps terms suffixed with -i

Etymology 2 edit

Adjectival/participal use of the agent noun suffix above.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. -ing; forms the present active participle of verbs.
Usage notes edit

When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.

Inflection edit
Inflection of -i (inflection type 7/pedai)
nominative sing. -i
genitive sing. -jan
partitive sing. -jad
partitive plur. -jid
singular plural
nominative -i -jad
accusative -jan -jad
genitive -jan -jiden
partitive -jad -jid
essive-instructive -jan -jin
translative -jaks -jikš
inessive -jas -jiš
elative -jaspäi -jišpäi
illative -jaha -jihe
adessive -jal -jil
ablative -jalpäi -jilpäi
allative -jale -jile
abessive -jata -jita
comitative -janke -jidenke
prolative -jadme -jidme
approximative I -janno -jidenno
approximative II -jannoks -jidennoks
egressive -jannopäi -jidennopäi
terminative I -jahasai -jihesai
terminative II -jalesai -jilesai
terminative III -jassai —
additive I -jahapäi -jihepäi
additive II -jalepäi -jilepäi
Derived terms edit
Category Veps present active participles not found

Volapük edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. A morpheme used to mark the accusative singular of a word (such as a noun or pronoun).
    Dog beiton mani. / Mani beiton dog
    The dog bites the man.
    Mot löfof omi. / Omi löfof mot. (a.s., hicili, soni, u higaaporn).
    The mother loves him. (e.g. the (male) child, son, or (male) lovebird).

Welsh edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Brythonic *-i, from Proto-Celtic *-esa, plural ending of neuter s-stems like *tegos (“house”) (whence Welsh tŷ, plural tai < *tegos, plural *tegesa).[1] Cognate with Cornish -i.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Pluralisation suffix
    Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -ed, -edd, -en, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys
    ‎plwyf (“parish”) + ‎-i → ‎plwyfi (“parishes”)
    ‎maen (“stone”) + ‎-i → ‎meini (“stones”)
    ‎toiled (“toilet”) + ‎-i → ‎toiledi (“toilets”)

Etymology 2 edit

From Old Welsh -im, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Forms verbnouns from verb stems.
    Synonyms: -o, -u
Usage notes edit

This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant w (though for some such verbs, such as cadw, the verbnoun is given by the stem without a suffix) or the vowel in the last syllable is o, oe, or sometimes a.[2]

Etymology 3 edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. forming abstract nouns, -ness, -ment
    ‎diog (“lazy”) + ‎-i → ‎diogi (“laziness”)
    ‎truan (“poor, wretched”) + ‎-i → ‎trueni (“pity, shame”)
    ‎tlawd (“poor”) + ‎-i → ‎tlodi (“poverty”)
Usage notes edit

-i causes i-affection of internal vowels.

Etymology 4 edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. used to form pet names
    ‎Wil + ‎-i → ‎Wili
    ‎Siân + ‎-i → ‎Siani
    ‎mam (“mother, mum”) + ‎-i → ‎mami (“mummy”)

Etymology 5 edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. (literary) verb suffix for the second-person singular present indicative/future
  2. (colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular future
Usage notes edit

In the literary language, -i causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, ‎canu (“to sing”) + ‎-i → ‎ceni (“you sing, you will sing”).

Derived terms edit
Welsh terms suffixed with -i

References edit

  1. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 393
  2. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 v.

Ye'kwana edit

Etymology 1 edit

Unknown; unlike the other possessive suffixes found in the language, -i has no known cognates in any other Cariban language.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Marks a noun as possessed; used mostly with nouns referring to instruments, technologies, and manufactured products, and also with all loanwords.

Etymology 2 edit

Alternative forms edit

  • -∅ (allophone after diphthongal i)

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Forms the singular of the recent past perfective tense.
  2. Forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.
Usage notes edit

This suffix does not cause syllable reduction. When it attaches to a stem that ends in a vowel followed by i, this suffix is unrealized (disappears).

The second sense can be readily distinguished from the first because it requires the distant-past third-person marker kün- instead of ordinary person markers.

Derived terms edit

Etymology 3 edit

Possibly of the same origin as the previous suffix.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Forms the prohibitive mood.
Usage notes edit

When the patient/object of a verb with this suffix is third-person, or when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is second-person, it must also take the prefix ön- (or one of its allomorphs) after the person marker. However, this prefix is not found when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is third-person.

References edit

  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-i”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎[5], Lyon, pages 112–113, 204–206, 213–222, 233

Zulu edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Bantu *-ì.

Suffix edit

-i

  1. Forms agent nouns from verbs.

Usage notes edit

The suffix replaces the -a inherent in the verb stem.

Derived terms edit

Zulu terms suffixed with -i
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