-i
EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From the Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy) or from Hebrew ־י (-i), both sharing a common Semitic root. In English productive from the 19th century.
SuffixEdit
-i
- Used to form adjectives and nouns describing people of a particular city, region, or country, and the language spoken by these people.
TranslationsEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- OED, s.v. "-i, suffix2".
Etymology 2Edit
From Latin -ī, the plural ending of the Latin second declension, whence the plural of Italian nouns in -o and -e.
SuffixEdit
-i
- used to indicate a plural form of some words of Latin or Italian origin, such as fungi, virtuosi or concerti
ReferencesEdit
- OED, s.v. "-i, suffix1".
AfarEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i or -í
- Used to create nouns from class I verbs, denoting either the agent or the instrument of the action.
Usage notesEdit
- Used together with the prefix t- to create feminine nouns. The stress will shift to the last syllable.
- Used together with the prefix y- to create masculine nouns. The stress will not be on the last syllable.
ReferencesEdit
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 118
AlbanianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From the ending Proto-Indo-European *-osyo, from Proto-Indo-European *-os. cognate to Messapic -aihi.[1][2][3]. Related to Albanian i (“of, the, to”).
PronunciationEdit
ArticleEdit
-i m
Related termsEdit
- (suffixed article, suffix): -a, -e, -ë, -o, -u, -ia, -ja, -je, -jë, -at, -et, -ët, -it, -ot, -ut, -të, -ri, -ishte, -ishtja
- (article, preposition): e, i, së, të
ReferencesEdit
ChuukeseEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
- (added to transitive verbs) him, her, it (third person singular indirect object)
Usage notesEdit
- In Chuukese, transitive verbs in their base form already have the third person singular indirect object implied on them, although the suffix -i can be added for emphasis.
EsperantoEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Perhaps from Latin deponent verbs such as loquī (“to speak”). Perhaps derived from french second group verbs ending in -ir
SuffixEdit
-i
- verbal inflection marking the infinitive
Etymology 2Edit
Common to English e (pronounced [i]) in me, she, he, we and the Italian accusative pronouns mi, ti, vi, li, si.
SuffixEdit
-i
EstonianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *-in.
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action.
InflectionEdit
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -i | -id |
| accusative | -i | -id |
| genitive | -i | -ite |
| partitive | -it | -eid |
| illative | -isse | -itesse -eisse |
| inessive | -is | -ites -eis |
| elative | -ist | -itest -eist |
| allative | -ile | -itele -eile |
| adessive | -il | -itel -eil |
| ablative | -ilt | -itelt -eilt |
| translative | -iks | -iteks -eiks |
| terminative | -ini | -iteni |
| essive | -ina | -itena |
| abessive | -ita | -iteta |
| comitative | -iga | -itega |
Or less commonly:
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -i | -med |
| accusative | -me | -med |
| genitive | -me | -mete |
| partitive | -it | -meid |
| illative | -messe | -metesse -meisse |
| inessive | -mes | -metes -meis |
| elative | -mest | -metest -meist |
| allative | -mele | -metele -meile |
| adessive | -mel | -metel -meil |
| ablative | -melt | -metelt -meilt |
| translative | -meks | -meteks -meiks |
| terminative | -meni | -meteni |
| essive | -mena | -metena |
| abessive | -meta | -meteta |
| comitative | -mega | -metega |
Derived termsEdit
FinnishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-i, from Proto-Uralic *-j (specifically its fusion with the stem vowel). Originally allomorphic with -o (< *-oi, in which the *-i- caused labialization of the preceding *a).
SuffixEdit
-i
- A non-productive nominal suffix.
- (archaic) Used to mark the first part of a compound word.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Conflation of Proto-Finnic *-i (from Proto-Uralic *-j (lative suffix)) and *-ik (from earlier *-jek, probably a combination of the aforementioned and Proto-Uralic *-k (lative suffix)).
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms lative adverbs.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i (informal)
- Forms pet names from given names, kinship terms, and terms of address.
- (endearing, sometimes derogatory) Forms nouns from adjectives and verbs denoting someone characterized by that word.
- Forms clippings.
- Pullover + -i → Pulli
- Schokolade + -i → Schoki
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
GothicEdit
RomanizationEdit
-i
- Romanization of -𐌹
GreenlandicEdit
SuffixEdit
-i (v-v?, truncative?)
- Intransitivizes.
Usage notesEdit
Sometimes additive after r stems.
Many verbs are intransitivized simply by changing the inflectional ending, without changing the stem; of those that do use an affix, it is not predictable which of -i, -nnig, -ller and -si are used. Also, verbs may use more than one of these, with similarly unpredictable results (e.g. errorsivoq (“wash clothes”) vs. erruivoq (“do dishes”), both from errorpaa). If a verb uses one of these affixes, the unaffixed intransitive form may be passive, reciprocal or reflexive w.r.t. the transitive form.
SynonymsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Bjørnum, S.: Grønlandsk grammatik, pp. 67-68. Atuagkat 2003.
- Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 106-107, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Adjective-forming suffix.
SuffixEdit
-i
- (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a proper noun, noun or postposition to form an adjective.
Usage notesEdit
- Final -o and -ö (which only occur in non-Hungarian words) change to -ó and -ő.[1]
- Oslo → oslói (“Oslovian”)
- Malmö → malmői (“Malmö-based”)
- Victor Hugo → Victor Hugó-i (“Hugolian, Hugonian, Hugoesque”)
- If the suffix -i were to follow word-final -i, only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).[2][3]
- The other word-final short vowels (a, e, u, ü) remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
- The fact that word-final a and e remain short before the adjective-forming -i often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in a and e, e.g. formai (“formal”) and formái (“his/her/its forms”) or megyei (“county-level”) and megyéi (“his/her/its counties”).
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- On a multifunctional derivational affix: Its use in relational adjectives or nominal modification, and phrasal affixation in Hungarian by István Kenesei (see the Conclusion on page 19)
Etymology 2Edit
Possessive plural.
SuffixEdit
-i
- possessive suffix for multiple possessions
- (with no noun for possessor) his, her, its ……-s (third-person singular; the pronoun ő (“s/he”) being optional for emphasis)
- kapu (“gate”) → a kapui (“his/her/its gates”), az ő kapui (“his/her gates”)
- érme (“coins”) → az érméi (“his/her/its coins”), az ő érméi (“his/her coins”)
- (with no noun for possessor, formal) your ……-s (second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg.)
- kapu (“gate”) → a kapui (“your [formal] gates”), az ön kapui, a maga kapui (“your [formal] gates”)
- construed with a noun or certain pronouns as the possessor: ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… (third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun)
- az ember(nek a) kapui ― the person’s gates
- a gyerek(nek az) érméi ― the child’s coins
- az emberek(nek a) kapui ― the people’s gates
- a gyerekek(nek az) érméi ― the children’s coins
- az önök kapui, a maguk kapui ― your (plural, formal) gates
- azok(nak a) kapui ― the gates of those
- ki(k)nek az érméi? ― whose coins?
- (with no noun for possessor) his, her, its ……-s (third-person singular; the pronoun ő (“s/he”) being optional for emphasis)
Usage notesEdit
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -i is added to words ending in a vowel except -i. Final -a changes to -á-; final -e changes to -é-. The latter feature distinguishes it from the -i (adjective-forming suffix), which does not lengthen the preceding -a/-e.
- -ai is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ei is added to some front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -jai is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
- -jei is added to some front-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
- If the possessed noun is in the plural and the possessor is expressed in English with a possessive pronoun only (rather than a noun), e.g. “their toys” (as opposed to “the children’s toys”), the -ik/-aik/-eik/-jaik/-jeik suffixes are required in Hungarian.
Etymology 3Edit
Personal suffix.
SuffixEdit
-i
- (personal suffix) Used to form the definite third-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood).
Usage notesEdit
- (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön |
3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular |
-ja | -i | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
| ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural |
-ják | -ik | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
Etymology 4Edit
Diminutive suffix.
SuffixEdit
-i
- (diminutive suffix) Added to nouns or their clipped form; mostly used by the younger generation or in informal conversations.
Etymology 5Edit
See -e.
SuffixEdit
-i
- (dialectal, except for some set forms) Alternative form of -e (third-person singular single-possession possessive suffix)
- se szeri, se száma ― (instead of szere)[4]
- (dialectal, except for some set forms) Alternative form of -é (combining form of the above)
- íziben a mindenit töviről hegyire jószerivel frissiben dögivel bőviben sebtiben felibe/fölibe köribe közibe ― (instead of standard ízében, a mindenét, tövéről hegyére, jószerével, frissében (uncommon), dögével (uncommon), bővében, sebtében, felébe/fölébe, körébe/köréje, közébe/közéje/közé)[4]
See alsoEdit
- Category:Hungarian noun forms
- Category:Hungarian verb forms
- Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Section 216 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ^ Section 173 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ^ Section 215 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 birtokos személyjelek alaki változatai [“form variants of possessive suffixes”] in Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors. Nyelvművelő kéziszótár (’Concise Dictionary for Language Cultivation’). Second, revised and extended edition. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
IcelandicEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).
SuffixEdit
-i
- a nominal suffix, forming abstract nouns
Derived termsEdit
IdoEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from Italian -i, Russian -и (-i). Also from English -i, used with Latin and Italian borrowings.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
IndonesianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Malay -i, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i (local transitive suffix). Cognate of colloquial Indonesian -in.
SuffixEdit
-i (active imperative -i, active indicative meng- -i, active jussive/optative -ilah, non-accidental passive di- -i, accidental passive ter- -i)
- verbal suffix for manipulating, completing, or placing the object from a noun.
- transitive verbal suffix for causation in surface of the object from an adjective.
- transitive verbal suffix for doing activity to the object from a transitive verb.
- transitive locative imperative verbal suffix from a noun:
- to apply or give [base] to the object.
- Hormati orang tua! ― honour/respect parent!
- to remove [base] from the object.
- kuliti ― (de)skin, peel
- to apply or give [base] to the object.
- transitive adverbial imperative verbal suffix from a noun: to act as/be [base] with reference to object
- Sutradarai film ini! ― Direct this movie! (literally, “Become the producer of this film!”)
Usage notesEdit
This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, beli (“to buy”) does not derive into *belii, although other colloquial suffixes allow violation of the previous rule such as beliin (“buy it!”). Other examples include cari (← *carii) and capai (← *capaii).
Etymology 2Edit
From Malay -i, from Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy).
SuffixEdit
-i
- adjectives suffix (with the meaning “related to ...”)
Alternative formsEdit
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “-i” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
ItalianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-i (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- used with a stem to form the second-person singular present of regular -are, -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take "isc"
- used with a stem to form the second-person imperative of -ere verbs
- used with a stem to form the first-, second- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -are verbs
- used with a stem to form the third-person singular imperative of -are verbs
Etymology 2Edit
From Latin -ī, nominative plural of masculine nouns in -us.
SuffixEdit
-i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix)
- used to form the plural of nouns ending in -o
Etymology 3Edit
There are two competing theories:
- Formed analogically by borrowing the -i plural of Italian nouns in -o.
- Formed phonologically from the expected Latin nominative/accusative plural -ēs according to the sound change -es > -ei > -i.
SuffixEdit
-i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix)
- used to form the plural of nouns ending in -e
Etymology 4Edit
Perhaps from the Latin genitive singular ending -ī of masculine nouns in -us.
SuffixEdit
-i m or f by sense (noun-forming suffix, invariable)
- forms surnames from proper names, occupations, etc.
- Giacomo (“James, Jacob”) + -i → Giacomi (surname)
- Giacometto (“Jim, Jake”) + -i → Giacometti (surname)
- ferraro (“smith”) + -i → Ferrari (surname)
LatinEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Italic *-ai, from unknown origin.
SuffixEdit
-ī
- Used for the first person present perfect singular form of any regular verb.
Etymology 2Edit
Unknown. Displaced Proto-Italic -osjo (See Proto-Italic *-os.), which was descended from Proto-Indo-European -osyo. (See Proto-Indo-European *-os.)
SuffixEdit
-ī
- nominative/vocative plural of -us for most second-declension nouns.
- genitive/locative singular of -us for second-declension nouns.
- nominative/vocative masculine plural of -us for first/second-declension adjectives.
- genitive masculine/neuter singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.
- (uncommon) genitive feminine singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.
Etymology 3Edit
NounEdit
-ī
LeponticEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Romanization of -𐌉
LivviEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
DeclensionEdit
| back vowel harmonic | front vowel harmonic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived termsEdit
Lower SorbianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- -y (after “hard” consonants)
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *-jь.
SuffixEdit
-i
- suffix creating an adjective from a noun, denoting ‘of or pertaining to’
Derived termsEdit
MakasarEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i, from Proto-Austronesian *-i.
SuffixEdit
-i
- suffix forming transitive verbs
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ia.
PronounEdit
-i (absolutive enclitic)
See alsoEdit
MalayEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- locative, repetitive, or exhaustive
- Sayangi Kuala Lumpur. ― Love Kuala Lumpur.
- Renangi kolam itu. ― Swim that pool.
- (before a person) added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
- Emak menghadiahi adik sebuah basikal. ― Mother gives the brother a bicycle.
SynonymsEdit
- (before an object) -kan
Derived termsEdit
MalteseEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-i m (feminine -ija, plural -in)
- a derivational suffix, chiefly creating adjectives from nouns
Usage notesEdit
- Note that Romance adjectives in -i are treated differently and do not inflect.
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Sicilian -i. Though -i is not used as a plural ending in Arabic, it was integrated fairly easily as a large number of broken plurals happen to end in this vowel, compare tieqa → twieqi, etc.
SuffixEdit
-i
- a common plural suffix
- used in nouns and adjectives in -u
- used in some nouns in -a, chiefly ones of Romance origin
- used in some nouns and adjectives in a consonant, chiefly ones of Romance origin
Usage notesEdit
- Adjectives in -iku change to -iċi: demokratiku (“democratic”) → demokratiċi.
See alsoEdit
MaquiritariEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Unknown; unlike the other possessive suffixes found in the language, -i has no known cognates in any other Cariban language.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Marks a noun as possessed; used mostly with nouns referring to instruments and manufactured products, and also with all loanwords.
Etymology 2Edit
Alternative formsEdit
- (allophone after diphthongal i) -∅
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms the singular of the recent past perfective tense.
- Forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix does not cause syllable reduction. When it attaches to a stem that ends in a vowel followed by i, this suffix is unrealized (disappears).
The second sense can be readily distinguished from the first because it requires the distant-past third-person marker kün- instead of ordinary person markers.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Possibly of the same origin as the previous suffix.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms the prohibitive mood.
Usage notesEdit
When the patient/object of a verb with this suffix is third-person, or when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is second-person, it must also take the prefix ön- (or one of its allomorphs) after the person marker. However, this prefix is not found when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is third-person.
ReferencesEdit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-i”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 112–113, 204–206, 213–222, 233
Middle EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Alternative form of -y.
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Alternative form of -yf
NamuyiEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Used to give the prospective aspect to verbs
Derived termsEdit
NormanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
SuffixEdit
-i
- (Jersey) A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Derived termsEdit
Northern SamiEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jē. Cognate with Finnish -ja.
SuffixEdit
-i (with odd-syllable stems -eaddji)
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notesEdit
- This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
When attached to verbs in -ut, the suffix becomes -u.
InflectionEdit
| Even i-stem, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -i | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -i -ẹ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | -i | -it | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | -i | -iid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -i -ẹ |
-iid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Illative | -ái | -iide | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | -is | -iin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comitative | -iin | -iiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Essive | -in | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jëj.
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something.
Usage notesEdit
- This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel. Thus, the resulting word is essentially identical to the illative singular form. The noun declines as a contracted stem, with the inflectional stem lacking the -i.
InflectionEdit
| Odd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -i | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -ja | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | -i | -jat | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | -ja | -jiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -ja | -jiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Illative | -jii | -jiidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | -jis | -jiin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comitative | -jiin | -jiiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Essive | -jin | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-i
- The ending of the illative singular case.
Usage notesEdit
- This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix changes to the form -s- (for even-syllable stems) or -sa- (for odd-syllable stems).
Norwegian NynorskEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form past participle of strong verbs.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form singular definite form for strong feminine nouns.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form plural definite form for neuter nouns.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form feminine singular indefinite form for many adjectives.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form neuter singular indefinite form for many adjectives.
OjibweEdit
FinalEdit
-i
- be such a number, such an amount
Derived termsEdit
FinalEdit
-i
- occurs after initials to form animate intransitive verbs (vai)
Derived termsEdit
FinalEdit
-i
- occurs in inanimate intransitive verbs (vii)
Derived termsEdit
FinalEdit
-i
- occurs in some uninflected words, including preverbs
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644943
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644942
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644856
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/word-part/i-final-654844
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-3a8bda4a-247f-4fae-96ad-c8054d2a5525
Old High GermanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-West Germanic *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
SuffixEdit
-ī
- productive suffix used to form abstract nouns from adjectives
DeclensionEdit
| case | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ī | — |
| accusative | -ī | — |
| genitive | -ī | — |
| dative | -ī | — |
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Cognate to Gothic -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins).
SuffixEdit
-ī
- non-productive suffix used to form action nouns from weak verbs
Usage notesEdit
In Old High German, this suffix is neither frequent nor productive. Many weak verbs have action nouns with -unga instead.
DeclensionEdit
Female n-declension
Old IrishEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i (suffixed pronoun)
Usage notesEdit
This suffix is used only after third-person singular forms. After 1st person singular forms in -(e)a, 1st person plural forms in -mi, and 3rd person plural forms in -(a)it, the suffix -it is sometimes used.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
| Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
| 1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
| 2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
| 3 sing. m. | a-N, e-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
| 3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| 3 sing. n. | a-L, e-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
| 1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
| 2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
| 3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. | ||||
Old NorseEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).
SuffixEdit
-i f
- -th. Forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent 'the state, quality or measure of' the adjective.
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-ô, cognate with Gothic -𐌰 (-a).
SuffixEdit
-i m
- Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.
- Synonym: -ari
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Old PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьjь.
SuffixEdit
-i
- [forms adjectives from nouns, usually possessive
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Polish: -i
PhaluraEdit
Etymology 1Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Feminine agreement suffix
ReferencesEdit
- Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 2Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Feminine agreement suffix
ReferencesEdit
PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Old Polish -i, from Proto-Slavic *-ьjь.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i m
- Forms masculine adjectives meaning "belonging to", especially for animals
- Forms masculine adjectives derived from prepoisitional phrases
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
PortugueseEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- forms the 2nd-person plural affirmative imperative of 3rd conjugation verbs; appended to the stem
- Parti em paz.
- Go in peace.
Related termsEdit
RomaniEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic feminine nouns
- Forms the nominative feminine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular feminine past tense of intransitive verbs
RomanianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Latin -ī (“second-declension plural ending”).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- Used to form plurals
Usage notesEdit
- This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for masculine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases, regardless of singular form. The suffix may cause phonetic changes or vowel deletion (or both):
- lup + -i → lupi
- tată + -i → tați
- fiu + -i → fii
- frate + -i → frați
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of ille.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i m
- (definite article) the (masculine plural, nominative and accusative)
Usage notesEdit
This form of the definite article is used for masculine plural nouns in the nominative and accusative cases (as attached to the indefinite plural, which always ends in a vowel):
- lupi + -i → lupii
- tați + -i → tații
- fii + -i → fiii
- frați + -i → frații
- copii + -i → copiii
The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular plural adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish and French -ir, Italian -ire, etc.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Usage notesEdit
- Most verbs with infinitives in -i are marked by the once-inchoative infix -esc- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are vorbi (“to say”) and iubi (“to love”).
- A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -i but do not use the infix -esc-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verb dormi (“sleep”), simți (“feel”), auzi (“hear”).
- There is a variant form, -î, derived from the same Latin source.
ConjugationEdit
| infinitive | a -i | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | -ind | ||||||
| past participle | -it | ||||||
| number | singular | plural | |||||
| person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
| indicative | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
| present | - | -i | -e | -im | -iți | - | |
| imperfect | -eam | -eai | -ea | -eam | -eați | -eau | |
| simple perfect | -ii | -iși | -i | -irăm | -irăți | -iră | |
| pluperfect | -isem | -iseși | -ise | -iserăm | -iserăți | -iseră | |
| subjunctive | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
| present | să - | să -i | să -ă | să -im | să -iți | să -ă | |
| imperative | — | tu | — | — | voi | — | |
| affirmative | -e | -iți | |||||
| negative | nu -i | nu -iți | |||||
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 4Edit
From e (“is”).
SuffixEdit
-i
Derived termsEdit
Skolt SamiEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jē.
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
InflectionEdit
This noun needs an inflection-table template.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jëj.
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something.
Usage notesEdit
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel.
InflectionEdit
This adjective needs an inflection-table template.
Derived termsEdit
SwedishEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- -y; when added to one noun, creates a new one that indicates the use or activity of the first. See also -eri.
Derived termsEdit
TagalogEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- (Batangas) imperative suffix, usually equals to "-in/-an mo" in Standard Tagalog and other dialects
- Buksi yung pinto!
- Open the door!
Derived termsEdit
- Category Tagalog terms suffixed with -i not found
TurkishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-ni (“accusative suffix”).
SuffixEdit
-i
Usage notesEdit
- It is used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into "-ı", "-u" and "-ü" according to the last vowel of the word. (possession suffix)
- If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
- If the word ends in a vowel, it is used with an auxiliary consonant "y":
- It must be used with an apostrophe if it is appended to a proper noun.
Etymology 2Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-si (“third-person singular possessive suffix”).
SuffixEdit
-i
- Third-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession.
Usage notesEdit
The preceding usage notes also apply to this suffix, with one difference only:
- If the word ends in a vowel, it is used with the auxiliary consonant "s" (not "y"):
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ی (-i), from Proto-Turkic *-ig.
SuffixEdit
| preceding vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü |
| -ı | -i | -u | -ü |
-i
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-î), from Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy)
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
- The nisba suffix, an extremely productive suffix used to derive adjectives (with the meaning “related to ...”) or nouns (with the meaning “person related to ...”) from other nouns.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 5Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـی (-i), from Persian ـی.
SuffixEdit
-i
- Persian suffix creating abstract nouns from nouns or adjectives
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 6Edit
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـِ (-i), from Classical Persian ـِ (-i).
SuffixEdit
-i
- The ezafe particle.
Further readingEdit
UzbekEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
VepsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ja.
SuffixEdit
-i
- -er; forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notesEdit
When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.
InflectionEdit
| Inflection of -i (inflection type 7/pedai) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative sing. | -i | ||
| genitive sing. | -jan | ||
| partitive sing. | -jad | ||
| partitive plur. | -jid | ||
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -i | -jad | |
| accusative | -jan | -jad | |
| genitive | -jan | -jiden | |
| partitive | -jad | -jid | |
| essive-instructive | -jan | -jin | |
| translative | -jaks | -jikš | |
| inessive | -jas | -jiš | |
| elative | -jaspäi | -jišpäi | |
| illative | -jaha | -jihe | |
| adessive | -jal | -jil | |
| ablative | -jalpäi | -jilpäi | |
| allative | -jale | -jile | |
| abessive | -jata | -jita | |
| comitative | -janke | -jidenke | |
| prolative | -jadme | -jidme | |
| approximative I | -janno | -jidenno | |
| approximative II | -jannoks | -jidennoks | |
| egressive | -jannopäi | -jidennopäi | |
| terminative I | -jahasai | -jihesai | |
| terminative II | -jalesai | -jilesai | |
| terminative III | -jassai | — | |
| additive I | -jahapäi | -jihepäi | |
| additive II | -jalepäi | -jilepäi | |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Adjectival/participal use of the agent noun suffix above.
SuffixEdit
-i
- -ing; forms the present active participle of verbs.
Usage notesEdit
When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.
InflectionEdit
| Inflection of -i (inflection type 7/pedai) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative sing. | -i | ||
| genitive sing. | -jan | ||
| partitive sing. | -jad | ||
| partitive plur. | -jid | ||
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -i | -jad | |
| accusative | -jan | -jad | |
| genitive | -jan | -jiden | |
| partitive | -jad | -jid | |
| essive-instructive | -jan | -jin | |
| translative | -jaks | -jikš | |
| inessive | -jas | -jiš | |
| elative | -jaspäi | -jišpäi | |
| illative | -jaha | -jihe | |
| adessive | -jal | -jil | |
| ablative | -jalpäi | -jilpäi | |
| allative | -jale | -jile | |
| abessive | -jata | -jita | |
| comitative | -janke | -jidenke | |
| prolative | -jadme | -jidme | |
| approximative I | -janno | -jidenno | |
| approximative II | -jannoks | -jidennoks | |
| egressive | -jannopäi | -jidennopäi | |
| terminative I | -jahasai | -jihesai | |
| terminative II | -jalesai | -jilesai | |
| terminative III | -jassai | — | |
| additive I | -jahapäi | -jihepäi | |
| additive II | -jalepäi | -jilepäi | |
Derived termsEdit
VolapükEdit
SuffixEdit
-i
WelshEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Cognate with Cornish -i and Irish -í.
SuffixEdit
-i
- Pluralisation suffix
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Welsh -im, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.
SuffixEdit
-i
Usage notesEdit
This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant w (though for some such verbs, such as cadw, the verbnoun is given by the stem without a suffix) or the vowel in the last syllable is o, oe, or sometimes a.[1]
Etymology 3Edit
SuffixEdit
-i
Usage notesEdit
-i causes i-affection of internal vowels.
Etymology 4Edit
SuffixEdit
-i
- used to form pet names
Etymology 5Edit
SuffixEdit
-i
- (literary) verb suffix for the second-person singular present indicative/future
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular future
Usage notesEdit
In the literary language, -i causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, canu (“to sing”) + -i → ceni (“you sing, you will sing”).
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 v.
ZuluEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Bantu *-ì.
SuffixEdit
-i
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notesEdit
The suffix replaces the -a inherent in the verb stem.