w-
MaquiritariEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Alternative formsEdit
- (allomorph before a consonant) ∅-
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
w-
- Obligatorily marks derivations of intransitive verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with any marker.
Usage notesEdit
This prefix is unrealized (disappears) when the stem it is attached to begins with a consonant. When it is used in the third person, the third-person marker y- itself is unrealized, but it palatalizes this suffix w- to y- and lengthens the vowel after it if possible, so that w- appears to disappear (as it becomes indistinguishable from the pre-vocalic form of the third-person marker y- that palatalized it).
This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.
Etymology 2Edit
Alternative formsEdit
- (allomorph before a consonant) wi-
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
w-
- Marks a transitive verb as having a first-person agent/subject when the patient/object is of third person.
- Marks an intransitive verb with agent-like argument or (with certain vowel-initial verbs) patient-like argument as having a first-person argument/subject with verb forms that take series I markers.
Usage notesEdit
The form w- is used with stems that start with a vowel; wi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel, wi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.
InflectionEdit
pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument |
postposition object | series I verb argument | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent | |||||||
first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u- | w-, wi- | |||||||
first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki- | |||||||
second person | amödö | ö-, öy-, o-, oy-, a-, ay- | m-, mi- | |||||||
first person dual exclusive | nña | y-, ch-, ∅-, i- | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | |||||
third person | tüwü | n-, ni- | ||||||||
distant past third person | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | ||||||||
coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | |||||||
reciprocal | — | — | öö- |
series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient | |
---|---|
first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
first person dual exclusive > second person | |
second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
second person > first person dual exclusive | |
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |
ReferencesEdit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “w-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 152, 179–180, 200–202
OjibweEdit
PrefixEdit
w-
- Alternative form of o-
Usage notesEdit
w- appears before stems that begin with ii.
See alsoEdit
Old PolishEdit
PrefixEdit
w-
- indicates motion inside or inward
- indicates motion upward
Derived termsEdit
PolishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
w-
- Indicates motion inside or inward
- Indicates motion upward
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
SwahiliEdit
PrefixEdit
w-
- Alternative form of u-