Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grunduz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Alternative forms edit

*grumþuz, *grumfþuz^[1] (Verner alternant from *gʰrḿ̥tus)

Etymology edit

From pre-Germanic *gʰrm̥tús, a tu-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-.^[1] Kroonen connects Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (“permanent building”), which would imply the root to be *ǵʰrem- ~ *ǵʰerm-. Less likely related to Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”) (pace Orel^[2]), for which see *grindiz (“fence made of bars”), Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrun.duz/

Noun edit

*grunduz m

ground, foundation

Inflection edit

This term contained Verner's law consonant alternation between its nominative and oblique stems.

u-stemDeclension of *grumþuz (u-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*grumþuz	*grumþiwiz
vocative	*grumþu	*grumþiwiz
accusative	*grumþų	*grumþunz
genitive	*grundauz	*grundiwǫ̂
dative	*grundiwi	*grundumaz
instrumental	*grundū	*grundumiz

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

*grandô

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *grundu
- Old English: grund
  - Middle English: ground, grund, grounde
    - English: ground
      - → Fiji Hindi: garaund
      - → Maltese: grawnd
    - Geordie English: grund, groond
    - Scots: grund, groond, greund
    - Yola: greoune, greoun, greound
- Old Frisian: grund
  - Saterland Frisian: Gruund
  - West Frisian: grûn
- Old Saxon: grund
  - Middle Low German: grunt
    - German Low German: Grund
- Old Dutch: grunt
  - Middle Dutch: gront
    - Dutch: grond
- Old High German: grunt
  - Middle High German: grunt
    - Cimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)
    - German: Grund
    - Luxembourgish: Grond
    - → Old Polish: grunt
      - Masurian: grunt
      - Polish: grunt, gront, grąt
        → Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt
      - Silesian: grōnt
    - → Russian: грунт (grunt)
      - → Serbo-Croatian: грунт
    - Yiddish: גרונט (grunt)
Old Norse: *grundr, grunnr
- Icelandic: grunnur, grund
- Faroese: grunnur, grund
- Norwegian Nynorsk: grunn
- Old Swedish: grunder
  - Swedish: grund
- Danish: grund
  - Norwegian Bokmål: grunn
Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus) (in 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (grunduwaddjus))

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grumþu- ~ *grundu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒrunðuz ~ *ʒrunþuz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grumþu- ~ *grundu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192

[2] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒrunðuz ~ *ʒrunþuz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144

[1]

[2]