Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwinhaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

• *þwinganą

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *twenk- (“to squeeze, press, pressure”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈθwĩː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þwinhaną

1. to constrain
2. to force

Inflection

Conjugation of *þwinhaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þwinhō	*þwinhaų	—	*þwinhai	?
2nd singular	*þwinhizi	*þwinhaiz	*þwinh	*þwinhazai	*þwinhaizau
3rd singular	*þwinhidi	*þwinhai	*þwinhadau	*þwinhadai	*þwinhaidau
1st dual	*þwinhōz	*þwinhaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þwinhadiz	*þwinhaidiz	*þwinhadiz	—	—
1st plural	*þwinhamaz	*þwinhaim	—	*þwinhandai	*þwinhaindau
2nd plural	*þwinhid	*þwinhaid	*þwinhid	*þwinhandai	*þwinhaindau
3rd plural	*þwinhandi	*þwinhain	*þwinhandau	*þwinhandai	*þwinhaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þwanh	*þwungį̄
2nd singular	*þwanht	*þwungīz
3rd singular	*þwanh	*þwungī
1st dual	*þwungū	*þwungīw
2nd dual	*þwungudiz	*þwungīdiz
1st plural	*þwungum	*þwungīm
2nd plural	*þwungud	*þwungīd
3rd plural	*þwungun	*þwungīn
	present	past
participles	*þwinhandz	*þwunganaz

Related terms

• *þunhijaną
• *þwangiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *þwingan
  • Old Frisian: thwinga
  • Old Saxon: thwingan
    • Middle Low German: dwingen
  • Old Dutch: *thwingan
    • Middle Dutch: dwingen
      • Dutch: dwingen
  • Old High German: dwingan
    • Middle High German: dwingen, twingen
      • German: zwingen
• Old Norse: þvinga
  • Icelandic: þvinga
  • Faroese: tvinga
  • Old Swedish: þvinga
    • Swedish: tvinga
  • Old Danish: thwingæ
    • Danish: tvinge
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: tvinge
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: tvinga, tvinge
  • → Middle English: twingen