Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/erþō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁érteh₂ (“earth”). Related to *erwǭ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈer.θɔː/

Noun

*erþō f

1. earth

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *erþō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*erþō	*erþôz
vocative	*erþō	*erþôz
accusative	*erþǭ	*erþōz
genitive	*erþōz	*erþǫ̂
dative	*erþōi	*erþōmaz
instrumental	*erþō	*erþōmiz

Derived terms

• *erþōbazją
• *erþaburgz
• *erþōfallaz
• *erþōfastuz
• *erþōhnuts
• *erþahūsą
• *erþō jahw upphiminaz
• *erþōkundaz
• *erþōwegaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *erþu
  • Old English: eorþe, earðe — Northumbrian; iorðe — Kentish; eorþ, earþe, iorþe, yrþ, eorðe, eorðo, eorðu; eorþæ, heorðe, heordæ, eorda, eordæ, eorða
    • Middle English: erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, oerþe, oerþ, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde; earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe (Early Middle English)
      • English: earth, Earth
      • Scots: erd (influenced by erd)
      • Yola: erth, eart, eard; eorth, eord
  • Old Frisian: erthe, erde, irthe
    • Saterland Frisian: Äide, Idde, Äid
    • West Frisian: ierde
  • Old Saxon: ertha, erda
    • Middle Low German: êrde
      • Low German:
        • Dutch Low Saxon: eerde
        • German Low German: Eer, Eerd, Ier, Ierd
        • Westphalian:

          Lippisch: Eren (dative (as in up Eren) and genitive (as in in der Eren Grund))

          Ravensbergisch: Airn

          Sauerländisch: Ēre, Ere, Ǟre, Ēäre

          Westmünsterländisch: Eerde, Eere, Äärde, Ääre, Iärde

      • Plautdietsch: Ead, Ieed
  • Old Dutch: ertha
    • Middle Dutch: erde
      • Dutch: aarde
        • Afrikaans: aarde
        • Negerhollands: aarde, adu, aerde
          • → Virgin Islands Creole: adu, ard (archaic)
        • → Indonesian: arde
      • Limburgish: aerd, aerj
  • Old High German: erda, haerda
    • Middle High German: ērde
      • Alemannic German: Ëërde
      • Bavarian: Erd, Erdn

        Cimbrian: èerda

      • Central Franconian: Ääd, Erd (Moselle Franconian); Äerd

        Hunsrik: Äerd

        Kölsch: Äd

      • German: Erde
      • Luxembourgish: Äerd
      • Rhine Franconian: Erd

        Pennsylvania German: Erd, Aerd, Eaht

      • Vilamovian: aod
      • Yiddish: ערד (erd)
• Proto-Norse: *ᛖᚱᚦᚢ (*erþu)
  • Old Norse: jǫrð, jorð
    • Icelandic: jörð
    • Faroese: jørð
    • Norn: yurn (< jǫrðin)
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: jord f
    • Jamtish: jórð
    • Elfdalian: juord
    • Old Swedish: iorþ, iordh
      • Swedish: jord
    • Old Danish: iorþ, iorth, ᛁᚮᚱᚦ
      • Danish: jord
        • Norwegian Bokmål: jord m or f
      • Scanian: jorð
    • Old Gutnish: iorþ
      • Gutnish: jård
• Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 (airþa)