Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hangistaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*hanhistaz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱanḱest-, *kankest- (“horse”). Cognate with Welsh caseg (“mare”), and Persian (xeng, “gray horse”). Compare also *hanhaz. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑŋ.ɡi.stɑz/

Noun

*hangistaz m

horse, stallion

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *hangistaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hangistaz	hangistōz, hangistōs
vocative	*hangist	hangistōz, hangistōs
accusative	*hangistą	*hangistanz
genitive	hangistas, hangistis	*hangistǫ̂
dative	*hangistai	*hangistamaz
instrumental	*hangistō	*hangistamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hangist
- Old English: hengest, hengst
  - ⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman
    - English: henchman
      - → Scots: hanchman
    - Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)
- Old Frisian: hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst
  - North Frisian: hingst
  - Saterland Frisian: Houngst, Hoangst
  - West Frisian: hynst
    - ⇒ West Frisian: hynder
- Old Saxon: hengist
  - Middle Low German: hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst
    - German Low German: Hingst
    - → Danish: hingst
    - → Lower Sorbian: hengist
    - → Norwegian: hingst
    - → Old Swedish: hingist
      - Swedish: hingst
- Old Dutch: hengist
  - Middle Dutch: hengest, hinxt, henxt
    - Dutch: hengst
      - Afrikaans: hings
- Old High German: hengist
  - Middle High German: hengest, hengst
    - Alemannic German: Hengscht
    - German: Hengst
    - Luxembourgish: Hengscht
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: Hengscht
Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ /⁠hangistumʀ⁠/) (dative plural)
- Old Norse: hestr (< *hanhistaz)
  - Icelandic: hestur
  - Faroese: hestur
  - Norn: hest
  - Middle Norwegian: hester
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: hest; (dialectal) hest’e, heist
  - Elfdalian: est
  - Old Swedish: hæster
    - Swedish: häst
  - Old Danish: hæst
    - Danish: hest
      - Norwegian Bokmål: hest
      - → Greenlandic: hiisti, hesti
    - Scanian: hæst
  - Gutnish: häst
  - → Scots: hest, hesten