Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sinkwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to sink, to drop”).^[1] Cognate with Old Armenian անկանիմ (ankanim) and ընկենում (ənkenum).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsiŋʷ.kʷɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*sinkwaną^[2]^[3]

to sink

Inflection

Conjugation of *sinkwaną (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*sinkwō	*sinkwaų	—	*sinkwai	?
2nd singular	*sinkwizi	*sinkwaiz	*sinkw	*sinkwazai	*sinkwaizau
3rd singular	*sinkwidi	*sinkwai	*sinkwadau	*sinkwadai	*sinkwaidau
1st dual	*sinkwōz	*sinkwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sinkwadiz	*sinkwaidiz	*sinkwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*sinkwamaz	*sinkwaim	—	*sinkwandai	*sinkwaindau
2nd plural	*sinkwid	*sinkwaid	*sinkwid	*sinkwandai	*sinkwaindau
3rd plural	*sinkwandi	*sinkwain	*sinkwandau	*sinkwandai	*sinkwaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sankw	*sunkį̄
2nd singular	*sanht	*sunkīz
3rd singular	*sankw	*sunkī
1st dual	*sunkū	*sunkīw
2nd dual	*sunkudiz	*sunkīdiz
1st plural	*sunkum	*sunkīm
2nd plural	*sunkud	*sunkīd
3rd plural	*sunkun	*sunkīn

	present	past
participles	*sinkwandz	*sunkanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *sinkwan
- Old English: sincan
  - Middle English: synken
    - English: sink
    - Scots: sink
- Old Frisian: sinka
  - West Frisian: sinke
- Old Saxon: sinkan
  - Low German: sinken
- Old Dutch: *sincan
  - Middle Dutch: sinken
    - Dutch: zinken
    - Limburgish: zinke
- Old High German: sinkan
  - Middle High German: sinken
    - German: sinken
    - Luxembourgish: sénken
    - Yiddish: זינקען (zinken)
Old West Norse: søkkva, sænkva
- Icelandic: sökkva
- Faroese: søkka
- Norwegian Nynorsk: søkka
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: søkke
Old East Norse: *sinkva
- Old Swedish: siunka
  - Swedish: sjunka
- Old Danish: siunkæ
  - Danish: synke
    - Norwegian Bokmål: synke
  - Scanian: sjønka, sjonka, sækka, sjokka
- Gutnish: sjunke, sinke
Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽 (sigqan)

References

^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sinkwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*senkwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 325

[1] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sinkwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437

[3] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*senkwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 325

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