Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaldaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unclear, Seebold suggests it's possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”) with a s-mobile attached to the root.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskɑl.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skaldaną

1. to knock, hit

Inflection

Conjugation of *skaldaną (strong class 7c)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skaldō	*skaldaų	—	*skaldai	?
2nd singular	*skaldizi	*skaldaiz	*skald	*skaldazai	*skaldaizau
3rd singular	*skaldidi	*skaldai	*skaldadau	*skaldadai	*skaldaidau
1st dual	*skaldōz	*skaldaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skaldadiz	*skaldaidiz	*skaldadiz	—	—
1st plural	*skaldamaz	*skaldaim	—	*skaldandai	*skaldaindau
2nd plural	*skaldid	*skaldaid	*skaldid	*skaldandai	*skaldaindau
3rd plural	*skaldandi	*skaldain	*skaldandau	*skaldandai	*skaldaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skeskald	*skeskaldį̄
2nd singular	*skeskalst	*skeskaldīz
3rd singular	*skeskald	*skeskaldī
1st dual	*skeskaldū	*skeskaldīw
2nd dual	*skeskaldudiz	*skeskaldīdiz
1st plural	*skeskaldum	*skeskaldīm
2nd plural	*skeskaldud	*skeskaldīd
3rd plural	*skeskaldun	*skeskaldīn
	present	past
participles	*skaldandz	*skaldanaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skaldan
  • Old Saxon: skaldan
  • Old High German: skaltan
    • Middle High German: schalten
      • German: schalten