Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrikkōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *wriḱnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative from Proto-Indo-European *wreyḱ- (“to twist, turn”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwrik.kɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wrikkōną

1. to twist, turn

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *wrikk- against non-singular *wrig-.

Conjugation of *wrikkōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wrikkō	*wrikkǭ	—	*wrikkōi	?
2nd singular	*wrikkōsi	*wrikkōs	*wrikkō	*wrikkōsai	*wrikkōsau
3rd singular	*wrikkōþi	*wrikkō	*wrikkōþau	*wrikkōþai	*wrikkōþau
1st dual	*wrikkōs	*wrikkōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wrikkōþiz	*wrikkōþiz	*wrikkōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*wrikkōmaz	*wrikkōm	—	*wrikkōnþai	*wrikkōnþau
2nd plural	*wrikkōþ	*wrikkōþ	*wrikkōþ	*wrikkōnþai	*wrikkōnþau
3rd plural	*wrikkōnþi	*wrikkōn	*wrikkōnþau	*wrikkōnþai	*wrikkōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wrikkōdǭ	*wrikkōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*wrikkōdēz	*wrikkōdēdīz
3rd singular	*wrikkōdē	*wrikkōdēdī
1st dual	*wrikkōdēdū	*wrikkōdēdīw
2nd dual	*wrikkōdēdudiz	*wrikkōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*wrikkōdēdum	*wrikkōdēdīm
2nd plural	*wrikkōdēdud	*wrikkōdēdīd
3rd plural	*wrikkōdēdun	*wrikkōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*wrikkōndz	*wrikkōdaz

Related terms

• *wraihaz
• *wrīhaz
• *wrīhô

Descendants

The latter Middle English forms are adduced as loans from continental Germanic languages, but could also represent dialectal preservations. The iteratives are usually best attested in the Middle and later stages of Germanic languages anyway.

The German form was borrowed from another Germanic language, probably either Dutch or Low German.

• Old English: wrigian
  • Middle English: wrien, wricken, wriggen, wrigglen (with frequentative suffix)
• Low German: wriggen, wrikken
• Dutch: wrikken
• German: wricken