Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Doubtfully from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s > *dn̥ȷ́ʰwáHs > *diȷ́ʰwáHs > *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHs > *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH.

Another hypothesis, that is more phonologically sound, is from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi-ǵʰwH-eh₂, a reduplicated noun from *ǵʰewH- (“to invoke”) (whence Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰuHáyati). As described by Grassmann's law, in PII the initial consonant loses its aspiration due to the next one being aspirated. Avestan displays dissimilation from an earlier *zizuuā. Reduplicated nouns in PIE are also not unprecedented; note the very common *kʷékʷlos (“wheel”). However, Nuristani evidence points to an earlier preform *diȷ́ʰwáH, which may point to the original Proto-Indo-European word albeit with some remodeling. A similar shift from *diǵʰ- to jih- in Sanskrit is exhibited by जिह्म (jihmá).

Noun

*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH f

1. tongue

Declension

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáy	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwā́s
vocative	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰway	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰway	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwās
accusative	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwā́m	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáy	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwā́s
instrumental	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH, -ayaH	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHbʰyā(m)	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHbʰiš
ablative	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáyaHs	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHbʰyā(m)	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHbʰyas
dative	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáyaHy	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHbʰyā(m)	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHbʰyas
genitive	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáyaHs	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáyHās	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHnaHam
locative	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáyaH	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáyHaw	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHsu

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́iźʰwáH
  • Sanskrit: जिह्वा (jihvā́), जुहू (juhū́) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Iranian: *hižwáH (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Nuristani: (< *diȷ́ʰwáH)
  • Northern Nuristani:
    • Kamkata-viri:

      Kamviri: dić

      Kativiri: diz

    • Prasuni:

      Pashki: luzuk

  • Southern Nuristani: *źyū (< *jidukā via metathesis from *diȷ́ʰwáH?)
    • Ashkun: žū