Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/krǫtiti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Deadjectival from *krǫ̑tъ (“winding? steep? severe?”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *krant-, also found in Lithuanian krañtas (“bank (of a river)”).

• Per Derksen, with no cognates outside of Balto-Slavic.
• Per Vasmer, presumably from a nasal-infix variant of Proto-Indo-European *kert-, found in Sanskrit कृणत्ति (kṛṇátti, “to twist thread, to spin”), चृटति (cṛṭáti, “to bind, to fasten together”), Ancient Greek κάρταλος (kártalos, “basket”), κυρτία (kurtía, “anything made of wicker”), Latin crātis (“wattle fence, corral”), Old Irish cret (“body of a cart”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (haurds, “door”), Old High German hurt (“wattle fence, anything made of wicker”) (plural hurdi).

Verb

*krǫtiti

1. to turn, to twist, to twirl

Inflection

Conjugation of *krǫtiti, *krǫti, *krǫtitь (?, -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*krǫťenьje	*krǫtiti	*krǫtitъ	*krǫtilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*krǫťenъ	*krǫtimъ
Active	*krǫťь	*krǫtę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*krǫtixъ	*krǫti	*krǫti	*krǫťǫ	*krǫtiši	*krǫtitь
Dual	*krǫtixově	*krǫtista	*krǫtiste	*krǫtivě	*krǫtita	*krǫtite
Plural	*krǫtixomъ	*krǫtiste	*krǫtišę	*krǫtimъ	*krǫtite	*krǫtętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*krǫťaaxъ	*krǫťaaše	*krǫťaaše	—	*krǫti	*krǫti
Dual	*krǫťaaxově	*krǫťaašeta	*krǫťaašete	*krǫtivě	*krǫtita	—
Plural	*krǫťaaxomъ	*krǫťaašete	*krǫťaaxǫ	*krǫtimъ	*krǫtite	—

Notes:
• (*)*krǫtivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Related terms

• *krǫ̑tъ (“winding? steep? severe?”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: крутити (krutiti)
    • Old Belarusian: крутити (krutiti, “to twist, to turn”)
      • Belarusian: круці́ць (krucícʹ, “to twist, to turn”)
    • Middle Russian: крутити (krutiti) (17th century)
      • Russian: крути́ть (krutítʹ)
    • Ukrainian: крути́ти (krutýty)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: крѫтити (krǫtiti), 1sg. крѫщѫ (krǫštǫ)

    Glagolitic script: ⰽⱃⱘⱅⰻⱅⰻ (krǫtiti)

  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Serbo-Croatian: кру́тити, 1sg. кру̑тӣм

    Latin: krútiti, 1sg. krȗtīm

  • Slovene: krotiti
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: krútiti
    • Czech: kroutit
  • Old Polish: kręcić
    • Polish: kręcić
  • Slovak: krútiť (“to turn, to twirl”)
  • Slovincian: krãcëc
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: krućić (“to strengthen”), kruć (“to twist”)
    • Lower Sorbian: kšuśiś (“to harden, to strengthen”)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “крята́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*krǫtiti (sę)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 30