Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rakъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions

• *òrkъ

Etymology

Disputed. According to one hypothesis, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *rṓˀkas, from Proto-Indo-European *wre-h₃kʷo-s (“looking backwards”), composed of the elements *wre- (“back”) (compare Latin re-) and *-h₃kʷ- (“looking, appearing”). Cognate with Old Prussian rokis (“crayfish”) and dialectal Lithuanian rõkis, rókis, but according to Derksen these are borrowings from Slavic. Compare instead Lithuanian érkė and Latvian ērce, both meaning “tick”. Alternatively, of substrate origin.

Noun

*ràkъ m

1. crayfish

Declension

Declension of *ràkъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ràkъ	*ràka	*ràci
genitive	*ràka	*ràku	*ràkъ
dative	*ràku	*ràkoma	*ràkomъ
accusative	*ràkъ	*ràka	*ràky
instrumental	*ràkъmь, *ràkomь*	*ràkoma	*ràkȳ
locative	*ràcě	*ràku	*ràcě̄xъ
vocative	*ràče	*ràka	*ràci

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: ракъ (rakŭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: ракъ (rak)
      • Belarusian: рак (rak)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: рак (rak)
      • Ukrainian: рак (rak)
    • Russian: рак (rak)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: ракъ (rakŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⱃⰰⰽⱏ (rakŭ)

  • Bulgarian: рак (rak)
  • Macedonian: рак (rak)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ра̏к

    Latin script: rȁk

  • Slovene: rak
    • (Črni vrh, Idrija): rḁ̏k
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: rak
    • Czech: rak
      • Bohemian (Chod dialect): rák
  • Kashubian: rek
  • Old Polish: rak
    • Polish: rak
    • → Swedish: räka, räkior pl (1685)
      • → Old Danish: rækæ
        • Danish: reje, ræge
          • → Greenlandic: raaja
        • → Norwegian Nynorsk: rækja f, ræka f
          • → Icelandic: rækja f
          • → Faroese: rækja f
        • → Norwegian: (dialectal) ræk, reik, reikje f, ræg n
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: reke m or f
        • → Norwegian Nynorsk: reke f
  • Slovak: rak
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: rak
    • Lower Sorbian: rak

• Non-Slavic:
  • Baltic:
    • →? Old Prussian: rokis
    • →? Lithuanian: rõkis, rókis
  • → Hungarian: rák
  • → Romanian: rac

References

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “рак”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Verweij, Arno (1994) “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics)‎^[2], volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., pages 525, 530