re-
English
editEtymology
editFrom Middle English re-, from Old French re-, from Latin re-, red- (“back; anew; again; against”), of uncertain origin but conjectured by Watkins to be from Proto-Indo-European *wret-, a metathetic alteration of *wert- (“to turn”). Displaced native English ed-, eft-, a-, with-/wither-, gain-/again-.
Pronunciation
editPrefix
editre-
Usage notes
edit- The pronunciation varies depending on the word, with /ɹiː/, /ɹɪ/ (some pronunciations), /ɹɛ/ found in words like replay, resist and revolution, respectively.
- The hyphen is not normally included in words formed using this prefix, except when the absence of a hyphen would make the meaning unclear. Hyphens are used in the following cases:
- Sometimes in new coinages and nonce words.
- stir and re-stir the mixture
- When the word that the prefix is combined with begins with a capital letter.
- re-Christianise
- When the word that the prefix is combined with begins with another re-.
- re-record
- In British usage, when the word that the prefix is combined with begins with e.
- re-entry (North American: reentry)
- When the word formed is identical in form to another word in which re- does not have any of the senses listed above.
- The chairs have been re-covered (covered again)
- The chairs have been recovered (obtained back)
- Sometimes in new coinages and nonce words.
- A dieresis may be used instead of a hyphen, as in reëntry. This usage is now rare, but extant; see diaeresis (diacritic) for examples and discussion.
- re- is highly productive, to the point of being almost grammaticalized — almost any verb can have re- applied, especially in colloquial speech. Notable exceptions to this include all forms of be and the modal verbs can, should, etc. When used productively, it is always pronounced /ɹiː/.
Synonyms
editDerived terms
editTranslations
edit
|
See also
editReferences
edit- “re-”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “re- (prefix),” December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1031113569.
Anagrams
editCatalan
editEtymology
editPrefix
editre-
- re- (again)
- intensifier for adjectives and adverbs
- great-, grand- (used to denote the removal of one generation)
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “re-” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “re-”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “re-” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “re-” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Chuukese
editPrefix
editre-
Esperanto
editEtymology
editPrefix
editre-
- indicates repetition, again
- indicates a return to previous state, back
- indicates an action performed reciprocally, back (e.g., to hit back, to talk back)
Derived terms
editFranco-Provençal
editEtymology
editPrefix
editre- (ORB, broad)
- Attaches to verbs, often adding a sense of repetition or reversion.
Derived terms
editFrench
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editPrefix
editre-
- re-
- meaningless generic derivation prefix, especially as r-. From semantic bleaching of sense 1 followed by the unprefixed terms becoming obsolete or diverging in meaning.
Usage notes
editThis is only used when the stem starts with a consonant; otherwise, ré- or r- are used.
Derived terms
editSee also
editGerman
editPronunciation
editPrefix
editre-
Derived terms
editHungarian
editEtymology
editFrom Latin re- (“again; back”).
Pronunciation
editPrefix
editre-
Derived terms
editInterlingua
editEtymology
editPrefix
editre-
- back, backwards
- again; prefix added to various words to indicate an action being done again, or like the other usages indicated above under English.
Derived terms
editItalian
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Latin re-. The prefix re- is borrowed from Latin, while the variant ri- is inherited from Latin.[1]
Prefix
editre-
Usage notes
edit- The prefix re- normally replaces ri- before words beginning with i, for euphonic reasons.
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ^ Migliorini, Bruno with Aldo Duro (1950) Prontuario etimologico della lingua italiana (in Italian), Paravia
Latin
editEtymology
editThe Latin prefix rĕ- is from Proto-Italic *wre- (“again”), which has a parallel in Umbrian re-, but its further etymology is uncertain (OED). While it carries a general sense of "back" or "backwards", its precise sense is not always clear, and its great productivity in classical Latin has the tendency to obscure its original meaning.
Watkins proposes a metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”), (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?) while de Vaan suggests Proto-Indo-European *ure- (“back”), which may be found in Proto-Slavic *rakъ (“crayfish, lobster”) (tentatively, in an original sense *“looking backwards”) and Albanian rrë- (“back”, preverb), unless the latter is borrowed from Latin.[1]
Prefix
editre-
- back, backwards
- un-, de-[2]
- again; prefix added to various words to indicate an action being done again, or like the other usages indicated above under English.
Usage notes
editThe prefix anciently also occurs in the form red-, where the -d- is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative, e.g. in red-do, and with a compositional -i- in redi-vivus. This feature is shared with the preposition se- (originally identical with the conjunction sed), and also in prod-, antid-, postid- (see Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary, 1897, s.v. "re" and "D").
The -d- is found before vowels and h, but in later Latin is dropped, as in e.g. reaedifico, reinvito. Assimilation of the d before consonants produced the forms relligio, relliquiae, reccido; and the suppression of the d may account for the frequent lengthening of the e by poets in rēduco, rēlatum.
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
editMiddle French
editPrefix
editre-
- re- (again; once more)
Neapolitan
editEtymology
editPrefix
editre-
Derived terms
editNorman
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Old French re-, from Latin re-.
Prefix
editre-
Derived terms
editNorwegian Bokmål
editEtymology
editPrefix
editre-
References
edit- “re-” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
editEtymology
editPrefix
editre-
References
edit- “re-” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Occitan
editEtymology
editPrefix
editre-
Derived terms
editOld French
editPrefix
editre-
- re- (again; once more)
Polish
editEtymology
editLearned borrowing from Latin re-.
Pronunciation
editPrefix
editre-
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- re- in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
editEtymology
editFrom Old Galician-Portuguese re-, from Latin re-.
Pronunciation
edit
Prefix
editre-
- re- (forms verbs indicating that the action is being done again)
Derived terms
editRomanian
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Latin re-. The form ră- only appears in a few inherited words.
Pronunciation
editPrefix
editre-
Spanish
editEtymology 1
editPrefix
editre-
- again
- re- + construir → reconstruir
- backwards
- opposition
Etymology 2
editOf Proto-Celtic origin, cognate with Irish ró- (“very”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Prefix
editre-
- forms superlatives from adjectives
Derived terms
editDerived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “re-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swedish
editPrefix
editre-
Derived terms
editAnagrams
edit- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wert-
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- English lemmas
- English prefixes
- English productive prefixes
- Catalan terms derived from Latin
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan prefixes
- Chuukese lemmas
- Chuukese prefixes
- Esperanto terms derived from Latin
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto prefixes
- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- Esperanto BRO1
- Franco-Provençal terms derived from Latin
- Franco-Provençal lemmas
- Franco-Provençal prefixes
- ORB, broad
- French terms derived from Latin
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French prefixes
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio links
- German lemmas
- German prefixes
- Hungarian terms derived from Latin
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian prefixes
- Interlingua terms derived from Latin
- Interlingua lemmas
- Interlingua prefixes
- Italian terms borrowed from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian doublets
- Italian lemmas
- Italian prefixes
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms with unknown etymologies
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin lemmas
- Latin prefixes
- Middle French lemmas
- Middle French prefixes
- Neapolitan terms inherited from Latin
- Neapolitan terms derived from Latin
- Neapolitan lemmas
- Neapolitan prefixes
- Norman terms inherited from Old French
- Norman terms derived from Old French
- Norman terms inherited from Latin
- Norman terms derived from Latin
- Norman lemmas
- Norman prefixes
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Latin
- Norwegian Bokmål lemmas
- Norwegian Bokmål prefixes
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Latin
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk prefixes
- Occitan terms derived from Latin
- Occitan lemmas
- Occitan prefixes
- Old French lemmas
- Old French prefixes
- Polish terms borrowed from Latin
- Polish learned borrowings from Latin
- Polish terms derived from Latin
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛ
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛ/1 syllable
- Polish terms with homophones
- Polish lemmas
- Polish prefixes
- Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms inherited from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese 1-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese prefixes
- Romanian terms borrowed from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian prefixes
- Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish prefixes
- Spanish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish prefixes