Wiktionary

re-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "re"

EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle English re-, from Old French re-, from Latin re-, red- (“back; anew; again; against”), of uncertain origin but conjectured by Watkins to be from Proto-Indo-European *wret-, a metathetic alteration of *wert- (“to turn”). Displaced native English ed-, eft-, a-, with-/wither-, gain-/again-.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /ɹiː/, /ɹɪ/, /ɹə/

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. again, anew
  2. a completive or intensification of the base; up, a-, out
  3. back, backward

Usage notesEdit

  • The pronunciation varies depending on the word, with /ɹiː/, /ɹɪ/ (some pronunciations), /ɹɛ/ found in words like replay, resist and revolution, respectively.
  • The hyphen is not normally included in words formed using this prefix, except when the absence of a hyphen would make the meaning unclear. Hyphens are used in the following cases:
    • Sometimes in new coinages and nonce words.
      stir and re-stir the mixture
    • When the word that the prefix is combined with begins with a capital letter.
      re-Christianise
    • When the word that the prefix is combined with begins with another re-.
      re-record
    • In British usage, when the word that the prefix is combined with begins with e.
      re-entry (North American: reentry)
    • When the word formed is identical in form to another word in which re- does not have any of the senses listed above.
      The chairs have been re-covered (covered again)
      The chairs have been recovered (obtained back)
  • A dieresis may be used instead of a hyphen, as in reëntry. This usage is now rare, but extant; see diaeresis (diacritic) for examples and discussion.
  • re- is highly productive, to the point of being almost grammaticalized — almost any verb can have re- applied, especially in colloquial speech. Notable exceptions to this include all forms of be and the modal verbs can, should, etc. When used productively, it is always pronounced /ɹiː/.

SynonymsEdit

Derived termsEdit

English terms prefixed with re-

TranslationsEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • “re-”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

AnagramsEdit

CatalanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin re-.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re- (again)
    ‎re- + ‎fer (“to do”) → ‎refer (“to redo”)
  2. Intensifier for adjectives and adverbs.
    ‎re- + ‎vell (“old”) → ‎revell (“very old”)
    Synonym: -íssim
  3. great-, grand- (used to denote the removal of one generation)
    ‎re- + ‎nebot (“nephew”) → ‎renebot (“grandnephew”)
    Synonym: bes-

Derived termsEdit

Catalan terms prefixed with re-

Further readingEdit

ChuukeseEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. (inflected as a noun) with
  2. (subject marker for tense modifying adverbs) they

EsperantoEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin re-.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. indicates repetition, again
  2. indicates a return to previous state, back
  3. indicates an action performed reciprocally, back (e.g., to hit back, to talk back)

Derived termsEdit

Esperanto terms prefixed with re-

FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin re-.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /ʁə/
  • Audio(file)

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-
    ‎re- + ‎marcher (“to function”) → ‎remarcher (“to function again”)

Usage notesEdit

This is only used when the stem starts with a consonant; otherwise, ré- or r- are used.

Derived termsEdit

French terms prefixed with re-

See alsoEdit

GermanEdit

PronunciationEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-

Derived termsEdit

German terms prefixed with re-

HungarianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin re- (“again; back”).

PronunciationEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. indicates repetition, again
  2. indicates a return to previous state, back

Derived termsEdit

Hungarian verbs prefixed with re-

InterlinguaEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin re-.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. back, backwards
  2. again; prefix added to various words to indicate an action being done again, or like the other usages indicated above under English.

Derived termsEdit

Interlingua terms prefixed with re-

ItalianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Borrowed from Latin re-. The prefix re- is borrowed from Latin, while the variant ri- is inherited from Latin.[1]

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-
    Synonym: ri-

Usage notesEdit

  • The prefix re- normally replaces ri- before words beginning with i, for euphonic reasons.

Derived termsEdit

Italian terms prefixed with re-

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Migliorini, Bruno; Aldo Duro (1950) Prontuario etimologico della lingua italiana (in Italian), Paravia

LatinEdit

EtymologyEdit

The Latin prefix rĕ- is from Proto-Italic *wre (“again”), which has a parallel in Umbrian re-, but its further etymology is uncertain (OED). While it carries a general sense of "back" or "backwards", its precise sense is not always clear, and its great productivity in classical Latin has the tendency to obscure its original meaning.

Watkins proposes a metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”), while de Vaan suggests Proto-Indo-European *ure- (“back”), which may be found in Proto-Slavic *rakъ (“crayfish, lobster”) (tentatively, in an original sense *“looking backwards”) and Albanian rrë- (“back”, preverb), unless the latter is borrowed from Latin.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. back, backwards
  2. again; prefix added to various words to indicate an action being done again, or like the other usages indicated above under English.

Usage notesEdit

The prefix anciently also occurs in the form red-, where the -d- is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative, e.g. in red-do, and with a compositional -i- in redi-vivus. This feature is shared with the preposition se- (originally identical with the conjunction sed), and also in prod-, antid-, postid- (see Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary, 1897, s.v. "re" and "D").

The -d- is found before vowels and h, but in later Latin is dropped, as in e.g. reaedifico, reinvito. Assimilation of the d before consonants produced the forms relligio, relliquiae, reccido; and the suppression of the d may account for the frequent lengthening of the e by poets in rēduco, rēlatum.

Derived termsEdit

Latin terms prefixed with re-

DescendantsEdit

  • Catalan: re-
  • → English: re-
  • French: re-, ré-, r-
  • Galician: re-
  • Interlingua: re-
  • Italian: re-, ri-
  • Norman: re-, èr-
  • Occitan: re-
  • Picard: ar-
  • Portuguese: re-
  • Romanian: ră-, re-
  • Spanish: re-

Middle FrenchEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re- (again; once more)

NormanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old French re-, from Latin re-.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-

Derived termsEdit

Norman terms prefixed with re-

Norwegian BokmålEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin re-.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-

ReferencesEdit

Norwegian Bokmål terms prefixed with re-

Norwegian NynorskEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin re-.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-

ReferencesEdit

Norwegian Nynorsk terms prefixed with re-

OccitanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin re-.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-

Derived termsEdit

Occitan terms prefixed with re-

Old FrenchEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re- (again; once more)

PolishEdit

EtymologyEdit

Borrowed from Latin re-.

PronunciationEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re- (again, anew)
  2. re- (back, backward)

Derived termsEdit

Polish terms prefixed with re-

Further readingEdit

  • re- in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • re- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

PortugueseEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Portuguese re-, from Latin re-.

PronunciationEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re- (forms verbs indicating that the action is being done again)
    ‎re- + ‎fazer (“to do”) → ‎refazer (“to redo”)

Derived termsEdit

Portuguese terms prefixed with re-

RomanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Borrowed from Latin re-. The form ră- only appears in a few inherrited words.

PronunciationEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-

SpanishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Latin re-.

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. again
    ‎re- + ‎construir → ‎reconstruir
  2. backwards
    ‎re- + ‎fluir → ‎refluir
  3. opposition
    ‎re- + ‎pugnar → ‎repugnar

Etymology 2Edit

Of Proto-Celtic origin, cognate with Irish ró- (“very”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. Can be used with adjectives to form a superlative.
    Synonyms: muy, -ísimo
    ‎re- + ‎bueno (“good”) → ‎rebueno (“great”)
    ‎re- + ‎chulo (“cute”) → ‎rechulo (“very cute”)
Derived termsEdit
Derived termsEdit

Further readingEdit

SwedishEdit

PrefixEdit

re-

  1. re-; doing something again
    Synonyms: åter-, om-

Derived termsEdit

Swedish terms prefixed with re-

AnagramsEdit

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