Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāl-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Verb

*kiāl-

1. (intransitive) to stay behind, remain

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: юл (jul)
• Common Turkic:

• Medieval:
  • Karakhanid: قَلْماقْ (qalmāq)
  • Old Turkic:
    • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰞 (qal-)
    • Old Uyghur: qʾlmʾq (qalmaq)
  • Kipchak:
    • Kipchak: [script needed] (qal-)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (qal-)
  • Khorezmian: [script needed] (qal-)
• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: qâlmaq
• Oghuz:
  • West Oghuz:
    • Azerbaijani: qalmaq
    • Ottoman Turkish: قالمق (qalmaq)
      • Turkish: kalmak
  • East Oghuz:
    • Turkmen: gālmak
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: ҡалыу (qalıw)
    • Tatar: калу (qalu)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: қалу (qalu)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: калуу (kaluu)
      • Southern Altai: калар (kalar)
• Karluk:
  • Chagatai: [script needed] (qalmaq)
    • Uzbek: qolmoq
    • Uyghur: قالماق (qalmaq)
• Siberian:
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: каал (kaal)
    • Yakut: хаал (qaal)
  • South Siberian:
    • Yenisei Turkic:
      • Khakas: халарға (xalarğa)
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tuvan: калыр (kalır)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kiāl-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kal-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 615