Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāl-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic edit

Verb edit

kiāl-

(intransitive) to stay behind, remain

Descendants edit

Oghur:
- Chuvash: юл (jul)
Common Turkic:

Medieval:
- Karakhanid: قَلْماقْ (qalmāq)
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰞 (qal-)
  - Old Uyghur: qʾlmʾq (qalmaq)
- Kipchak:
  - Kipchak: [script needed] (qal-)
  - Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (qal-)
- Khorezmian: [script needed] (qal-)
Arghu:
- Khalaj: qâlmaq
Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
  - Azerbaijani: qalmaq
  - Ottoman Turkish: قالمق (qalmaq)
    - Turkish: kalmak
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: gālmak
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡалыу (qalıw)
  - Tatar: калу (qalu)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Kazakh: қалу (qalu)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: калуу (kaluu)
    - Southern Altai: калар (kalar)
Karluk:
- Chagatai: [script needed] (qalmaq)
  - Uzbek: qolmoq
  - Uyghur: قالماق (qalmaq)
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: каал (kaal)
  - Yakut: хаал (qaal)
- South Siberian:
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: халарға (xalarğa)
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tuvan: калыр (kalır)

References edit

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kiāl-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kal-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 615