Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/togra-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

1. ESTJa suggests a derivation from *tog- and supposes a relation with *togan (“falcon”), however a denominal verb forming suffix *-ra does not exist.
2. Nişanyan derives it from *toguru (“tang; straight, correct”), however the suffix *-a is attached only to stems ending with consonants.

Verb

*togra-

1. (transitive) to cut into slices, small pieces

Conjugation

Conjugation of *togra- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive
infinitive			*togramak
participle	present		*togragan, togragma, tograr
	past		*tograduk, togramïš
	future		*togradačï, togramakčï, tograsïk, tograyačak
verbal noun			*tograma, tograg, togragu
way of doing			*tograš
			singular			plural
			1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*tograr ben	*tograr sen	*tograr	*tograr biz	*tograr siz	*tograr
	past	simple	*togradïm	*togradïŋ	*togradï	*togradïk, togradïmïz	*togradïŋïz	*togradï
		inferential	*togramïš ben	*togramïš sen	*togramïš	*togramïš biz	*togramïš siz	*togramïš
	future	simple	*togradačï ben, togramakčï ben, tograyačak ben	*togradačï sen, togramakčï sen, tograyačak sen	*togradačï, togramakčï, tograyačak	*togradačï biz, togramakčï biz, tograyačak biz	*togradačï siz, togramakčï siz, tograyačak siz	*togradačï, togramakčï, tograyačak
		predictive	*togragay ben	*togragay sen	*togragay	*togragay biz	*togragay siz	*togragay
		necessitive	*tograsïkïm	*tograsïkïŋ	*tograsïk	*tograsïkïmïz	*tograsïkïŋïz	*tograsïk
conditional			*tograsam, tograsar ben	*tograsaŋ, tograsar sen	*tograsa, tograsar	*tograsak, tograsamïz, tograsar biz	*tograsaŋïz, tograsar siz	*tograsalar, tograsar
optative			*togragay ben	*togragay sen	*togragay	*togragay biz	*togragay siz	*togragay
progressive			*togramakda ben	*togramakda sen	*togramakda	*togramakda biz	*togramakda siz	*togramakda
necessitative			*togramalïg ben	*togramalïg sen	*togramalïg	*togramalïg biz	*togramalïg siz	*togramalïg
imperative			*tograyayïn	*togra, togragïl	*tograzun	*tograyalïm	*tograyïŋ	*tograzun
Negative
infinitive			*togramamak
participle	present		*togramagan, togramagma, togramaz
	past		*togramaduk, togramamïš
	future		*togramačï, togramasïk, togramayačak
verbal noun			*togramama, togramag, togramagu
way of doing			*togramaš
			singular			plural
			1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*togramaz ben	*togramaz sen	*togramaz	*togramaz biz	*togramaz siz	*togramaz
	past	simple	*togramadïm	*togramadïŋ	*togramadï	*togramadïk, togramadïmïz	*togramadïŋïz	*togramadï
		inferential	*togramamïš ben	*togramamïš sen	*togramamïš	*togramamïš biz	*togramamïš siz	*togramamïš
	future	simple	*togramačï ben, togramayačak ben	*togramačï sen, togramayačak sen	*togramačï, togramayačak	*togramačï biz, togramayačak biz	*togramačï siz, togramayačak siz	*togramačï, togramayačak
		predictive	*togramagay ben	*togramagay sen	*togramagay	*togramagay biz	*togramagay siz	*togramagay
		necessitive	*togramasïkïm	*togramasïkïŋ	*togramasïk	*togramasïkïmïz	*togramasïkïŋïz	*togramasïk
conditional			*togramasam, togramasar ben	*togramasaŋ, togramasar sen	*togramasa, togramasar	*togramasak, togramasamïz, togramasar biz	*togramasaŋïz, togramasar siz	*togramasalar, togramasar
optative			*togramagay ben	*togramagay sen	*togramagay	*togramagay biz	*togramagay siz	*togramagay
progressive			*togramamakda ben	*togramamakda sen	*togramamakda	*togramamakda biz	*togramamakda siz	*togramamakda
necessitative			*togramamalïg ben	*togramamalïg sen	*togramamalïg	*togramamalïg biz	*togramamalïg siz	*togramamalïg
imperative			*togramayayïn	*tograma, togramagïl	*togramazun	*togramayalïm	*togramayïŋ	*togramazun

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: тура (tura)

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: torğamaq
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: doğramaq
    • Ottoman Turkish: طوغرامق (doğramak)
      • Gagauz: doramaa
      • Turkish: doğramak
      • → Crimean Tatar: doğramaq
      • → Karaim: [script needed] (doğramaq)
  • Turkmen: dogramak
  • Salar: doğrığusı, doğram
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (toğra-)
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (toğra-)
      • Uyghur: توغرىماق (toghrimaq)
      • Uzbek: to‘g‘ramoq
• Kypchak:
  • North Kypchak:
    • Bashkir: турау (turaw)
    • Tatar: турарга (turarga)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kipchak-Nogai:
      • Karakalpak: tug‘rag‘u
      • Kazakh: турау (turau)
      • Nogai: [script needed] (tuwra-)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: тууроо (tuuroo)
      • Southern Altai: туураар (tuuraar)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: toramaq
    • Karachay-Balkar: туура- (tuura-)
    • Karaim: [script needed] (tuvra-)
    • Kumyk: тувра- (tuwra-)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic:
    • Old Kirghiz:
      • Khakas: тоғырга (toğırga)
      • Shor: тоғрага (toğra-)
    • Old Uyghur:
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (torğa-)
  • North Siberian:
    • ⇒ Yakut: тоорот (toorot)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan turkic:
      • Tofa: доора- (doora-)
      • Tuvan: доорар (doorar)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “togra:-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 472
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “doğramak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 484
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*togra-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill