gian khổ

See also: gian khó

Vietnamese edit

Etymology edit

Sino-Vietnamese word from 艱苦.

Pronunciation edit

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zaːn˧˧ xo˧˩]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [jaːŋ˧˧ kʰow˧˨] ~ [jaːŋ˧˧ xow˧˨]
(Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [jaːŋ˧˧ kʰow˨˩˦] ~ [jaːŋ˧˧ xow˨˩˦]

Noun edit

hardship; misery; adversity
kinh qua nhiều gian khổ chông gai ― to go through a hard time

Adjective edit

hard; difficult; arduous

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