hrjósa

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse hrjósa, from Proto-Germanic *hreusaną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈr̥jouːsa/

  Rhymes: -ouːsa

Verb

hrjósa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative hraus, third-person plural past indicative hrusu, supine hrosið)

1. to shudder

   Mér hrýs hugur við sóuninni sem stöðugt á sér stað í vestrænum þjóðfélögum.

   I shudder at the thought of the waste that continually happens in western societies.

Usage notes

This verb is now limited to the subject hugur (“mind”) in the phrase hrjósa hugur við (“shudder at the thought of“; literally, “[one's] mind shudder”), which takes a dative object in front (indicating the person whose mind shudders) in addition to the dative object of the preposition við (indicating what makes it shudder).

Conjugation

hrjósa — active voice (germynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að hrjósa
supine (sagnbót)		hrosið
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		hrjósandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég hrýs	við hrjósum	present (nútíð)	ég hrjósi	við hrjósum
	þú hrýst	þið hrjósið		þú hrjósir	þið hrjósið
	hann, hún, það hrýs	þeir, þær, þau hrjósa		hann, hún, það hrjósi	þeir, þær, þau hrjósi
past (þátíð)	ég hraus	við hrusum	past (þátíð)	ég hrysi	við hrysum
	þú hraust	þið hrusuð		þú hrysir	þið hrysuð
	hann, hún, það hraus	þeir, þær, þau hrusu		hann, hún, það hrysi	þeir, þær, þau hrysu
imperative (boðháttur)	hrjós (þú)	hrjósið (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	hrjóstu	hrjósiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *hreusaną (“to shudder, shiver, quiver”), from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”). Related to Old Norse hrár (“raw, fresh, juicy”), Swedish rysa, Old English hrēaw, hrēow (“raw”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬏𐬭𐬀 (xrūra, “bloody, gruesome, cruel”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬙 (xruuant, “ghastly, gruesome”). More at raw.

Verb

hrjósa (singular past indicative hraus, plural past indicative hrusu, past participle hrosinn)

1. to shudder

Usage notes

Attested usage is the same as in modern Icelandic, with hugr and við. (See Icelandic section above.)

Conjugation

Conjugation of hrjósa — active (strong class 2)

infinitive	hrjósa
present participle	hrjósandi
past participle	hrosinn
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	hrýs	hraus
2nd-person singular	hrýss	hraust
3rd-person singular	hrýss	hraus
1st-person plural	hrjósum	hrusum
2nd-person plural	hrjósið	hrusuð
3rd-person plural	hrjósa	hrusu
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	hrjósa	hrysa
2nd-person singular	hrjósir	hrysir
3rd-person singular	hrjósi	hrysi
1st-person plural	hrjósim	hrysim
2nd-person plural	hrjósið	hrysið
3rd-person plural	hrjósi	hrysi
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	hrjós
1st-person plural	hrjósum
2nd-person plural	hrjósið

Conjugation of hrjósa — mediopassive (strong class 2)

infinitive	hrjósask
present participle	hrjósandisk
past participle	hrosizk
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	hrjósumk	hrusumk
2nd-person singular	hrýsk	hrausk
3rd-person singular	hrýsk	hrausk
1st-person plural	hrjósumsk	hrusumsk
2nd-person plural	hrjósizk	hrusuzk
3rd-person plural	hrjósask	hrususk
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	hrjósumk	hrysumk
2nd-person singular	hrjósisk	hrysisk
3rd-person singular	hrjósisk	hrysisk
1st-person plural	hrjósimsk	hrysimsk
2nd-person plural	hrjósizk	hrysizk
3rd-person plural	hrjósisk	hrysisk
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	hrjósk
1st-person plural	hrjósumsk
2nd-person plural	hrjósizk

Descendants

• Icelandic: hrjósa
• Norwegian (nynorsk): rjosa
• Swedish: rysa