kꜣp

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

 

• (verb): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈkaːʀap/ → /ˈkaːʀap/ → /ˈkaːʔəp/ → /ˈkoːʔəp/

• (verb): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkaːʀap/ (infinitive)
• (verb): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkaːʀap/ (infinitive)
• (verb): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkaːʔəp/ (infinitive)
• (verb): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkoːʔəp/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /kɑp/
  • Conventional anglicization: kap

Noun

 m

1. shelter
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 41–45:

     jr.n.j ḫmtw hrw wꜥ.kw jb.j m snnw.j sḏr.kw m ẖnw n(j) kꜣp n(j) ḫt qnj.n.j šwyt

     I spent three days alone, my heart my only companion (literally, “my second”), lying inside a shelter of wood, having embraced the shadows.

Inflection

Declension of kꜣp (masculine)

singular	kꜣp
dual	kꜣpwj
plural	kꜣpw

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to hide, to shelter, to take cover [since the 19th Dynasty]
2. (transitive) to put a roof on

Inflection

Conjugation of kꜣp (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: kꜣp, geminated stem: kꜣpp

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
kꜣp	kꜣpw, kꜣp	kꜣpt	kꜣp	kꜣp

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
kꜣp	ḥr kꜣp	m kꜣp	r kꜣp

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	kꜣp.n	kꜣpw, kꜣp	consecutive	kꜣp.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	kꜣpt
perfective3	kꜣp	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	kꜣp.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	kꜣp	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	kꜣp	kꜣpp	potentialis1	kꜣp.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	kꜣp	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	kꜣp.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	kꜣp	active + .tj1, .tw2	kꜣp	kꜣp, kꜣpw5, kꜣpy5
imperfective	kꜣp, kꜣpy, kꜣpw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	kꜣp, kꜣpj6, kꜣpy6	kꜣp, kꜣpw5
prospective	kꜣp, kꜣptj7	—	kꜣptj4, kꜣpt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• kꜣpt

Descendants

• Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲱⲡ (kōp)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /kɑp/
  • Conventional anglicization: kap

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to cense, to fumigate [since the Pyramid Texts]
   • c. 1800 BCE, Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus (UC 32057), page 1, line 3–4:

     jr.ḫr.k r.s kꜣp sj ḥr snṯr ḥr mrḥt mꜣt kꜣp kꜣt.s ḥr.s

     You should treat it by fumigating her with incense and fresh oil, fumigating her vulva with it.

Inflection

Conjugation of kꜣp (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: kꜣp, geminated stem: kꜣpp

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
kꜣp	kꜣpw, kꜣp	kꜣpt	kꜣp	kꜣp

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
kꜣp	ḥr kꜣp	m kꜣp	r kꜣp

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	kꜣp.n	kꜣpw, kꜣp	consecutive	kꜣp.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	kꜣpt
perfective3	kꜣp	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	kꜣp.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	kꜣp	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	kꜣp	kꜣpp	potentialis1	kꜣp.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	kꜣp	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	kꜣp.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	kꜣp	active + .tj1, .tw2	kꜣp	kꜣp, kꜣpw5, kꜣpy5
imperfective	kꜣp, kꜣpy, kꜣpw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	kꜣp, kꜣpj6, kꜣpy6	kꜣp, kꜣpw5
prospective	kꜣp, kꜣptj7	—	kꜣptj4, kꜣpt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• kꜣpw
• kꜣpt

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 219.
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 103.9–103.15, 104.4–104.5, 104.8–104.12, 104.14–104.17