rhoi
Welsh edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Earlier rhoddi, from a conflation of two separate stems:
- Middle Welsh roi (“to give”), from Proto-Brythonic *rroɣid (compare Cornish ry (“to give”), Breton reiñ (“to give”)), from Proto-Celtic *rogīti (“to extend forward”) (compare Old Irish rogaid (“to extend”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵéyeti (“to straighten”)
- Middle Welsh rodi (“to give”),[1] from Proto-Brythonic *rroðid, from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-dīti (“to put forward”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti (“to put”)[2]
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
rhoi (first-person singular present rhof or rhoddaf)
- to give
- Mae Siân yn rhoi siocled i Siôn eleni.
- Siân is giving Siôn chocolate this year.
- to put, to place
- Rhoddodd hi’r pethau ar y bwrdd.
- She put the things on the table.
Conjugation edit
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | rhof, rhoddaf | rhoi, rhoddi | rhy, rhydd, dyry | rhown, rhoddwn | rhowch, rhoddwch | rhônt, rhont, rhoddant | rhoir, rhoddir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional | rhown, rhoddwn | rhoit, rhoddit | rhôi, rhoddai | rhoem, rhoddem | rhoech, rhoddech | rhoent, rhoddent | rhoid, rhoddid | |
| preterite | rhois, rhoddais | rhoist, rhoddaist | rhoes, rhodd, rhoddodd, rhoddes (obsolete) | rhoesom, rhoddasom | rhoesoch, rhoddasoch | rhoesant, rhoddasant | rhoed, rhowd, rhoddwyd, rhodded | |
| pluperfect | rhoeswn, rhoddaswn | rhoesit, rhoddasit | rhoesai, rhoddasai | rhoesem, rhoddasem | rhoesech, rhoddasech | rhoesent, rhoddasent | rhoesid, rhoddesid | |
| present subjunctive | rhowyf, rhoddwyf | rhoech, rhoddych, rhoddech | rho, rhoddo, rhotho | rhôm, rhoddom | rhoch, rhoddoch | rhônt, rhoddont | rhoer, rhodder | |
| imperative | — | rho, dyro | rhoed, rhodded | rhown, rhoddwn | rhowch, rhoddwch | rhoent, rhoddent | rhoer, rhodder | |
| verbal noun | rhoi | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | rhoddedig rhoddadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | rhodda i, rhoddaf i | rhoddi di | rhoddith o/e/hi, rhoddiff e/hi | rhoddwn ni | rhoddwch chi | rhoddan nhw |
| conditional | rhoddwn i, rhoddswn i | rhoddet ti, rhoddset ti | rhoddai fo/fe/hi, rhoddsai fo/fe/hi | rhodden ni, rhoddsen ni | rhoddech chi, rhoddsech chi | rhodden nhw, rhoddsen nhw |
| preterite | rhoddais i, rhoddes i | rhoddaist ti, rhoddest ti | rhoddodd o/e/hi | rhoddon ni | rhoddoch chi | rhoddon nhw |
| imperative | — | rho, rhodda | — | — | rhoddwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms edit
- rhoi'r gorau (“to give up”)
- rhoi llaw ar yr aradr (“to put one's hand to the plough, to begin an undertaking”)
Related terms edit
See also edit
Mutation edit
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| rhoi | roi | unchanged | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
References edit
- ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “rhoddaf, rhof: rhoddi, rhoi”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 280