援引

Chinese

		to help; to assist; to aid	to lead; to divert (water); to guide
simp. and trad. (援引)		援	引

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yuányǐn

  (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ ㄧㄣˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): wun⁴ jan⁵
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): oan-ín / oān-ín / oân-ín

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yuányǐn
    • Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ ㄧㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yuányǐn
    • Wade–Giles: yüan²-yin³
    • Yale: ywán-yǐn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuanyiin
    • Palladius: юаньинь (juanʹinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɥɛn³⁵ in²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: wun⁴ jan⁵
    • Yale: wùhn yáhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wun⁴ jan⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: wun⁴ yen⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wuːn²¹ jɐn¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oan-ín
    • Tâi-lô: uan-ín
    • Phofsit Daibuun: oan'ien
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /uan³³ in⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oān-ín
    • Tâi-lô: uān-ín
    • Phofsit Daibuun: oaxn'ien
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan³³⁻²¹ in⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /uan³³⁻¹¹ in⁵³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /uan²²⁻²¹ in⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oân-ín
    • Tâi-lô: uân-ín
    • Phofsit Daibuun: oan'ien
    • IPA (Taipei): /uan²⁴⁻¹¹ in⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan²³⁻³³ in⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: hjwon|hjwenH yinX|yinH

Rime
Character	援	援	引	引
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	云 (35)	云 (35)	以 (36)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	元 (66)	仙 (80)	眞 (43)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III	III
Fanqie	雨元切	王眷切	余忍切	羊晉切
Baxter	hjwon	hjwenH	yinX	yinH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʉɐn/	/ɦˠiuᴇnH/	/jiɪnX/	/jiɪnH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷiɐn/	/ɦʷᵚiɛnH/	/jinX/	/jinH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuɐn/	/ɣiuænH/	/jenX/	/jenH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦuan/	/ɦwianH/	/jinX/	/jinH/
Li Rong	/ɣiuɐn/	/ɣjuɛnH/	/iĕnX/	/iĕnH/
Wang Li	/ɣĭwɐn/	/ɣĭwɛnH/	/jĭĕnX/	/jĭĕnH/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯wɐn/	/i̯wɛnH/	/i̯ĕnX/	/i̯ĕnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuán	yuàn	yǐn	yìn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyun4	jyun6	jan5	jan6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷa[n]  li[n]ʔ|li[n]ʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷans|ɢʷan  linʔ|lins/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	援	引	引
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yuán	yǐn	yǐn
Middle Chinese	‹ hjwon ›	‹ yinX ›	‹ yinH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷa[n]/	/*li[n]ʔ/	/*li[n]ʔ-s/
English	pull up	draw the bow	draw the bow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	援	援	引	引
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2	2/2
No.	16167	16175	15306	15312
Phonetic component	爰	爰	引	引
Rime group	元	元	眞	眞
Rime subdivision	1	1	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	瑗	袁	引	𦙍
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷans/	/*ɢʷan/	/*linʔ/	/*lins/

Verb

援引

1. to quote; to cite
2. to recommend or promote someone on behalf of someone else

Synonyms

• (to quote):

• 引用 (yǐnyòng)
• 引證／引证 (yǐnzhèng)
• 徵引／征引 (zhēngyǐn)
• 援用 (yuányòng)
• 據／据 (literary)
• 稱引／称引 (chēngyǐn) (literary)