橐

Translingual edit

Han character edit

橐 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 十月一口木 (JBMRD), four-corner 4090₄, composition ⿳𰀉冖䂞)

Derived characters edit

𢸨, 𣟄, 𧔬, 𩟰, 𩧐(𬴎), 𥩀, 𮕛

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 553, character 8
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15533
Dae Jaweon: page 941, character 21
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1289, character 5
Unihan data for U+6A50

Chinese edit

trad.		橐
simp. ^#		橐
alternative forms		𢄿槖𢅍𡇈

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 橐
Shang	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (石) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
柘	*tjaɡs
妬	*taːɡs
蠹	*taːɡs
沰	taːɡ, tʰaːɡ
拓	tʰaːɡ, tjaɡ
橐	*tʰaːɡ
袥	*tʰaːɡ
驝	tʰaːɡ, raːɡ
斫	*tjaɡ
磭	ŋrɯnʔ, ŋ̊ʰjaɡ, *ŋaɡ
磔	*rtaːɡ
跖	*tjaɡ
石	*djaɡ
碩	*djaɡ
祏	*djaɡ
鉐	*djaɡ
鼫	*djaɡ

In oracle bone script, pictogram (象形) of a bag with a bottom. Compare with 𣒚, 束, 東, 囊.
Now Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːɡ) : phonetic 石 (OC *djaɡ) + semantic 𣒚 (“bag with a bottom”).

Etymology edit

Note: This character is used as a substitute for Min Nan lok/lop/lak, which may be etymologically unrelated.

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tuó (tuo²)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄛˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tok³
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lok / lop / lak

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tuó
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄛˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tuó
  - Wade–Giles: tʻo²
  - Yale: twó
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: two
  - Palladius: то (to)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tok³
  - Yale: tok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: tog³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔːk̚³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lok / lop / lak
  - Tâi-lô: lok / lop / lak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: log, lob, lag
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lɔk̚³²/, /lɔp̚³²/, /lak̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔk̚⁵/, /lɔp̚⁵/, /lak̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔk̚³²/, /lɔp̚³²/, /lak̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /lɔk̚³²/, /lɔp̚³²/, /lak̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔk̚³²/, /lɔp̚³²/, /lak̚³²/

Middle Chinese: thak

Rime
Character	橐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	他各切
Baxter	thak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰak̚/
Li Rong	/tʰɑk̚/
Wang Li	/tʰɑk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tuo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tok³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤak/

(Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	橐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tuó
Middle Chinese	‹ thak ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁak/
English	sack; bellows
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.