già

Italian edit

Etymology edit

From Latin iam (“already, now”), from Proto-Indo-European *yē (“already”), cognate with Old French ja (“already”). Related to Gothic 𐌾𐌰 (ja), 𐌾𐌰𐌹 (jai, “yes”), Old High German ja, jā (“yes”), Old English ġēa (“yes”). More at yea, yes.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒa/^*^[1], /ˈd͡ʒa/^°
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -a
Hyphenation: già

Adverb edit

già

already, yet
Synonyms: ormai, fin d'ora
as early as
former, ex-
Synonym: ex-

Via Montello (già Trento)
Montello Street (formerly known as Trento Street)

Mario Rossi, già ministro delle Finanze
Mario Rossi, former Minister of Finance
(informal) yes, yeah
an expletive, a word that adds to the strength of a phrase without affecting its meaning and is usually left untranslated
Non credo io già, che ve ne avrete a male.
I do not think you will take offense.

Derived terms edit

References edit

^ già in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Anagrams edit

AGI, agi, agì, gai

Middle Vietnamese edit

Alternative forms edit

jà

Etymology edit

From Proto-Vietic *k-raː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kraʔ ~ *(k)rah.

Attested in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651), a dictionary based chiefly on the Northern dialects.

The Middle Vietnamese form ancestral to the modern Southern Vietnamese form, although technically unattested, should be phonologically identical to the Northern Middle Vietnamese form here. The modern Southern form is listed as a "descendant" in this entry for convenience.

The modern North Central form tra is not a reflex of this form, but from an earlier from that underwent a separate development of the onset.

Adjective edit

già (𦓅, 𫅷)

(living being) old
ou᷄ già ― old man

bà già ― old woman

thân ou᷄ già bà già ― dear old man and woman

già cả ― very old

già nua ― very old

rủ rỉ già cả ― old and decrepit

già lẩn ― senile

già móm ― old and toothless

Càng già càng khôn.
Wisdom increases with age.

đến già ― to reach old age, to approach old age
overripe, mature
blái già ― overripe fruit

tle già ― mature bamboo

ngà già ― mature ivory

bạc già ― old silver

Descendants edit

Northern Vietnamese: già
Southern Vietnamese: già

References edit

De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “già”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “càng”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “đến”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “lẩn”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “móm”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.

Vietnamese edit

Alternative forms edit

(North Central Vietnam) tra

Etymology edit

From Middle Vietnamese già, from Proto-Vietic *k-raː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kraʔ ~ *(k)rah. Cognate with Muong khà, Tho [Cuối Chăm] kʰraː¹, Bahnar kră. Compare also Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects tra.

The standard written Vietnamese form is irregular (the expected form would be **sa), while the North Central form shows the shift from *k-r to *k-l observable in several other instances: compare sâu and trâu (“caterpillar”), sừng and trừng (“horn”). See giòi (“maggot”), giữa (“middle”) for other instances of mainstream Vietnamese ‹gi› from initial *k-r.

Pronunciation edit

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zaː˨˩]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [jaː˦˩]
(Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [jaː˨˩]

Adjective edit

già • (𦓅, 𫅷)

(of lifeforms) old; compare cũ (of objects)
nhường bước người già ― to make way for the elderly

gà già thịt dai ― old chickens have leathery meat

cây già ― old tree
having the characteristics of appearances of an old person although not that old
mặt già ― an old face (ie. with wrinkles)

tìm một chị tiếng già để đóng vai bà lão ― to search for a woman with an old voice to voice the role of an old woman (ie. someone whose voice sounds like an old person)

lo nghĩ nhiều nên già trước tuổi ― to worry too much and thus age too soon
veteran, experienced, longtime
thầy già ― veteran teacher

Cậu ta là bạn già của mình. ― He is my old friend.

Chưa đến bốn mươi nhưng đã già tuổi Đảng.
Not even 40 years old but already a Party veteran.
overripe
cau già ― overripe areca nut

bầu già ― overripe gourd
above average, more than normal
nước nóng già ― too-warm water

dọa già dọa non ― to scare someone and make them give in

nước ô-xi già ― hydrogen peroxide
slightly excessive, over
già một thước ― over by one meter

lấy già một đấu ― scoop just over one dou