जड
Konkani edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Sanskrit जड (jaḍa).
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
Marathi edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘕𑘚 (jaḍa), from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀚𑀟 (jaḍa), from Sanskrit जड (jaḍa). Related to जाड (jāḍ), जाडे (jāḍe, “thick, stout, fat”). Compare Gujarati જડ (jaḍ), Hindustani جَڑ (jaṛ) / जड़ (jaṛ), Sindhi جَڙُ (jaṛu) / जड़ु (jaṛu), Odia ଜଡ଼ (jôṛô), Bengali জড় (joṛ).
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
जड • (j̈aḍ)
- heavy
- sluggish
- जीभ जड होणे ― jībh j̈aḍ hoṇe ― to have unclear articulation (literally, “tongue to become sluggish”)
- difficult
- जड जाणे ― j̈aḍ j̈āṇe ― to be difficult (literally, “to go difficult”)
- (of water) hard (with a high concentration of dissolved minerals)
- जड पाणी ― j̈aḍ pāṇī ― hard water
- inanimate
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- Berntsen, Maxine, “जड”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.
- Raeside, Ian Matthew Paton, Nemade, Bhalchandra Vanaji (1991) Marathi Reading Course, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, page 188
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “जड”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “जड”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jaḍa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
Sanskrit edit
Alternative scripts edit
Alternative scripts
- জড (Assamese script)
- ᬚᬟ (Balinese script)
- জড (Bengali script)
- 𑰕𑰚 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀚𑀟 (Brahmi script)
- ဇဍ (Burmese script)
- જડ (Gujarati script)
- ਜਡ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌜𑌡 (Grantha script)
- ꦗꦝ (Javanese script)
- 𑂔𑂙 (Kaithi script)
- ಜಡ (Kannada script)
- ជឌ (Khmer script)
- ຊຑ (Lao script)
- ജഡ (Malayalam script)
- ᡯᠠᡷᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘕𑘚 (Modi script)
- ᠽᠠᢎᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦵𑦺 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐖𑐜 (Newa script)
- ଜଡ (Odia script)
- ꢙꢞ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆘𑆝 (Sharada script)
- 𑖕𑖚 (Siddham script)
- ජඩ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩣𑩨 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚑𑚖 (Takri script)
- ஜட³ (Tamil script)
- జడ (Telugu script)
- ชฑ (Thai script)
- ཛ་ཌ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒖𑒛 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨥𑨖 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology edit
According to Turner, probably of non-Indo-Aryan origin. In the meaning of "cold", probably contaminated with descendants of Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to be cold”) (whence English cold and Latin gelū), compare जळ्हु (jaḷhu, “cool”).
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
जड • (jaḍá) stem
Declension edit
Masculine a-stem declension of जड (jaḍá) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | जडः jaḍáḥ |
जडौ / जडा¹ jaḍaú / jaḍā́¹ |
जडाः / जडासः¹ jaḍā́ḥ / jaḍā́saḥ¹ |
Vocative | जड jáḍa |
जडौ / जडा¹ jáḍau / jáḍā¹ |
जडाः / जडासः¹ jáḍāḥ / jáḍāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | जडम् jaḍám |
जडौ / जडा¹ jaḍaú / jaḍā́¹ |
जडान् jaḍā́n |
Instrumental | जडेन jaḍéna |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडैः / जडेभिः¹ jaḍaíḥ / jaḍébhiḥ¹ |
Dative | जडाय jaḍā́ya |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडेभ्यः jaḍébhyaḥ |
Ablative | जडात् jaḍā́t |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडेभ्यः jaḍébhyaḥ |
Genitive | जडस्य jaḍásya |
जडयोः jaḍáyoḥ |
जडानाम् jaḍā́nām |
Locative | जडे jaḍé |
जडयोः jaḍáyoḥ |
जडेषु jaḍéṣu |
Notes |
|
Feminine ā-stem declension of जडा (jaḍā́) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | जडा jaḍā́ |
जडे jaḍé |
जडाः jaḍā́ḥ |
Vocative | जडे jáḍe |
जडे jáḍe |
जडाः jáḍāḥ |
Accusative | जडाम् jaḍā́m |
जडे jaḍé |
जडाः jaḍā́ḥ |
Instrumental | जडया / जडा¹ jaḍáyā / jaḍā́¹ |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडाभिः jaḍā́bhiḥ |
Dative | जडायै jaḍā́yai |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडाभ्यः jaḍā́bhyaḥ |
Ablative | जडायाः / जडायै² jaḍā́yāḥ / jaḍā́yai² |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडाभ्यः jaḍā́bhyaḥ |
Genitive | जडायाः / जडायै² jaḍā́yāḥ / jaḍā́yai² |
जडयोः jaḍáyoḥ |
जडानाम् jaḍā́nām |
Locative | जडायाम् jaḍā́yām |
जडयोः jaḍáyoḥ |
जडासु jaḍā́su |
Notes |
|
Neuter a-stem declension of जड (jaḍá) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | जडम् jaḍám |
जडे jaḍé |
जडानि / जडा¹ jaḍā́ni / jaḍā́¹ |
Vocative | जड jáḍa |
जडे jáḍe |
जडानि / जडा¹ jáḍāni / jáḍā¹ |
Accusative | जडम् jaḍám |
जडे jaḍé |
जडानि / जडा¹ jaḍā́ni / jaḍā́¹ |
Instrumental | जडेन jaḍéna |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडैः / जडेभिः¹ jaḍaíḥ / jaḍébhiḥ¹ |
Dative | जडाय jaḍā́ya |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडेभ्यः jaḍébhyaḥ |
Ablative | जडात् jaḍā́t |
जडाभ्याम् jaḍā́bhyām |
जडेभ्यः jaḍébhyaḥ |
Genitive | जडस्य jaḍásya |
जडयोः jaḍáyoḥ |
जडानाम् jaḍā́nām |
Locative | जडे jaḍé |
जडयोः jaḍáyoḥ |
जडेषु jaḍéṣu |
Notes |
|
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
- जळ्हु (jaḷhu, “cool”)
- जल् (jal, “to be stiff or dull”), जलति (jalati) (probably contaminated with this term)
Descendants edit
- Pali: jaḷa (“dull, stupid”)
- Prakrit: 𑀚𑀟 (jaḍa, “lifeless, foolish, cold”), 𑀚𑀮 n (jala, “coldness”), 𑀚𑀟𑁆𑀟 (jaḍḍa, “weak”)
See also descendants of जाड्य (jāḍya, “coldness”, Vṛddhi derivative).
References edit
- Monier Williams (1899) “जड”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 409.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jaḍa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press