लिखति

Sanskrit edit

Alternative forms edit

रिखति (rikháti)

Alternative scripts edit

Alternative scripts

লিখতি (Assamese script)
ᬮᬶᬔᬢᬶ (Balinese script)
লিখতি (Bengali script)
𑰩𑰰𑰏𑰝𑰰 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀮𑀺𑀔𑀢𑀺 (Brahmi script)
လိခတိ (Burmese script)
લિખતિ (Gujarati script)
ਲਿਖਤਿ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌲𑌿𑌖𑌤𑌿 (Grantha script)
ꦭꦶꦑꦠꦶ (Javanese script)
𑂪𑂱𑂎𑂞𑂱 (Kaithi script)
ಲಿಖತಿ (Kannada script)
លិខតិ (Khmer script)
ລິຂຕິ (Lao script)
ലിഖതി (Malayalam script)
ᠯᡳᡘᠠᢠᡳ (Manchu script)
𑘩𑘱𑘏𑘝𑘱 (Modi script)
ᠯᠢᠻᠠᢐᠢ (Mongolian script)
𑧉𑧒𑦯𑦽𑧒 (Nandinagari script)
𑐮𑐶𑐏𑐟𑐶 (Newa script)
ଲିଖତି (Odia script)
ꢭꢶꢓꢡꢶ (Saurashtra script)
𑆬𑆴𑆒𑆠𑆴 (Sharada script)
𑖩𑖰𑖏𑖝𑖰 (Siddham script)
ලිඛති (Sinhalese script)
𑩽𑩑𑩝𑩫𑩑 (Soyombo script)
𑚥𑚮𑚋𑚙𑚮 (Takri script)
லிக²தி (Tamil script)
లిఖతి (Telugu script)
ลิขติ (Thai script)
ལི་ཁ་ཏི (Tibetan script)
𑒪𑒱𑒐𑒞𑒱 (Tirhuta script)
𑨬𑨁𑨌𑨙𑨁 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *rikʰ-á-ti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rikʰ-á-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *rikh₂-é-ti, from *reyk(ʷ)h₂- (“to scratch”). Cognate with Lithuanian riekiù (“to cut, carve”), riēkti.^[1] Compare रेखा (rekhā, “scratch, line”).

Potentially connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyḱ- (“to break, scratch”). Compare Sanskrit लिशति (liśáti), रिशति (riśáti), Khotanese rräjsā, rräjsaa (“sharp”) (possibly), Ancient Greek ἐρείκω (ereíkō, “to rend, bruise, pound”), Middle Dutch riën (“to sew together”), Latin rixa (“quarrel, brawl”). This is less phonologically sound, given the aspirated kh in Sanskrit. Some have proposed an extension to the root with *-h₂ to account for this.^[2]^[3]

Pronunciation edit

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /li.kʰɐ́.ti/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈl̪i.kʰɐ.t̪i/

Verb edit

लिखति • (likháti) third-singular present indicative (root लिख्, class 6, type P, present)^[4]

to scratch, scrape
- c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
to pierce, lance, scarify
- c. 600 BCE – 600 CE, Suśruta, Suśruta Saṃhitā
to write, inscribe, engrave
- c. 900 BCE – 700 BCE, Brāhmaṇas
to peck (of a bird)
- c. 800 CE – 950 CE, Nārāyaṇa, Hitopadeśa
- 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā

Conjugation edit

Present: लिखति (likháti), लिखते (likháte)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	लिखति likháti	लिखतः likhátaḥ	लिखन्ति likhánti	लिखते likháte	लिखेते likhéte	लिखन्ते likhánte
Second	लिखसि likhási	लिखथः likháthaḥ	लिखथ likhátha	लिखसे likháse	लिखेथे likhéthe	लिखध्वे likhádhve
First	लिखामि likhā́mi	लिखावः likhā́vaḥ	लिखामः likhā́maḥ	लिखे likhé	लिखावहे likhā́vahe	लिखामहे likhā́mahe
Imperative
Third	लिखतु likhátu	लिखताम् likhátām	लिखन्तु likhántu	लिखताम् likhátām	लिखेताम् likhétām	लिखन्ताम् likhántām
Second	लिख likhá	लिखतम् likhátam	लिखत likháta	लिखस्व likhásva	लिखेथाम् likhéthām	लिखध्वम् likhádhvam
First	लिखानि likhā́ni	लिखाव likhā́va	लिखाम likhā́ma	लिखै likhaí	लिखावहै likhā́vahai	लिखामहै likhā́mahai
Optative/Potential
Third	लिखेत् likhét	लिखेताम् likhétām	लिखेयुः likhéyuḥ	लिखेत likhéta	लिखेयाताम् likhéyātām	लिखेरन् likhéran
Second	लिखेः likhéḥ	लिखेतम् likhétam	लिखेत likhéta	लिखेथाः likhéthāḥ	लिखेयाथाम् likhéyāthām	लिखेध्वम् likhédhvam
First	लिखेयम् likhéyam	लिखेव likhéva	लिखेम likhéma	लिखेय likhéya	लिखेवहि likhévahi	लिखेमहि likhémahi
Participles
	लिखत् likhát			लिखमान likhámāna

Imperfect: अलिखत् (álikhat), अलिखत (álikhata)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	अलिखत् álikhat	अलिखताम् álikhatām	अलिखन् álikhan	अलिखत álikhata	अलिखेताम् álikhetām	अलिखन्त álikhanta
Second	अलिखः álikhaḥ	अलिखतम् álikhatam	अलिखत álikhata	अलिखथाः álikhathāḥ	अलिखेथाम् álikhethām	अलिखध्वम् álikhadhvam
First	अलिखम् álikham	अलिखाव álikhāva	अलिखाम álikhāma	अलिखे álikhe	अलिखावहि álikhāvahi	अलिखामहि álikhāmahi

Descendants edit

Helu Prakrit:
- Dhivehi: ލިޔަނީ (liyanī)
- Sinhalese: ලියනවා (liyanawā)
Khasa Prakrit:
- Dogri: लिखना (likhnā)
- Nepali: लेख्नु (lekhnu)
Magadhi Prakrit:
- Assamese: লিখা (likha)
- Bengali: লেখা (lekha)
- Sylheti: ꠟꠦꠈꠣ (lexá)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀮𑀺𑀳𑀇 (lihaï), 𑀮𑁂𑀳𑀇 (lehaï)
- Old Marathi:
  Devanagari script: लहणे (lahaṇe), लिखणे (likhaṇe), लिहणे (lihaṇe), लेहणे (lehaṇe)
  Modi script: 𑘩𑘮𑘜𑘹 (lahaṇe), 𑘩𑘲𑘏𑘜𑘹 (līkhaṇe), 𑘩𑘲𑘮𑘜𑘹 (līhaṇe), 𑘩𑘹𑘮𑘜𑘹 (lehaṇe)
  - Marathi: लिहिणे (lihiṇe)
Paisaci Prakrit:
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਲਿਖਣਾ (likhṇā)
  
  Shahmukhi script: لِکھنا (likhnā)
Pali: likhati
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀮𑀺𑀳𑀤𑀺 (lihadi), *𑀮𑀺𑀔𑀤𑀺 (*likhadi)
- Gujarati: લખવું (lakhvũ)
- Hindustani:
  Hindi: लिखना (likhnā)
  
  Urdu: لکھنا (likhnā)
- Sindhi:
  Devanagari script: लिखणु
  
  Arabic script: لِکَڻُ

References edit

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*rei̯k^(u̯)h₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 504
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “REKH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 457
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐρείκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452
^ Monier Williams (1899) “लिख्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 901, column 1.

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*rei̯k^(u̯)h₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 504

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “REKH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 457

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐρείκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452

[4] Monier Williams (1899) “लिख्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 901, column 1.

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