ḥtm

See also: ḫtm

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /hɛtɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: hetem

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to provide or supply (a person, place, or body part) (+ m: with (something))
2. (reflexive, with second object following m) to take to oneself, to take up
3. (transitive) to round out, to complete

Inflection

Conjugation of ḥtm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḥtm, geminated stem: ḥtmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḥtm	ḥtmw, ḥtm	ḥtmt	ḥtm	ḥtm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḥtm	ḥr ḥtm	m ḥtm	r ḥtm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḥtm.n	ḥtmw, ḥtm	consecutive	ḥtm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḥtmt
perfective3	ḥtm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḥtm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḥtm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḥtm	ḥtmm	potentialis1	ḥtm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḥtm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḥtm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḥtm	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḥtm	ḥtm, ḥtmw5, ḥtmy5
imperfective	ḥtm, ḥtmy, ḥtmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḥtm, ḥtmj6, ḥtmy6	ḥtm, ḥtmw5
prospective	ḥtm, ḥtmtj7	—	ḥtmtj4, ḥtmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥtm  

ḥtm	ḥtm	ḥtm
[Old Kingdom]

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive, of people, bodies, and names) to perish, to be destroyed
2. (intransitive, of hearts) to lose all courage
3. (transitive) to annihilate, to destroy, to eradicate (people, uncleanness, names, lies, etc.)
4. (transitive) to quench (thirst)
5. (transitive, figuratively) to silence (mouths)

Inflection

Conjugation of ḥtm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḥtm, geminated stem: ḥtmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḥtm	ḥtmw, ḥtm	ḥtmt	ḥtm	ḥtm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḥtm	ḥr ḥtm	m ḥtm	r ḥtm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḥtm.n	ḥtmw, ḥtm	consecutive	ḥtm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḥtmt
perfective3	ḥtm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḥtm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḥtm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḥtm	ḥtmm	potentialis1	ḥtm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḥtm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḥtm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḥtm	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḥtm	ḥtm, ḥtmw5, ḥtmy5
imperfective	ḥtm, ḥtmy, ḥtmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḥtm, ḥtmj6, ḥtmy6	ḥtm, ḥtmw5
prospective	ḥtm, ḥtmtj7	—	ḥtmtj4, ḥtmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥtm  

ḥtm	ḥtm	ḥtm
from the Book of the Dead of Iuefankh

Derived terms

• sḥtm

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 196.9–198.2
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 180
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 36, 239.