固然

Chinese

		hard; strong; solid hard; strong; solid; sure	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (固然)		固	然
simp. #(固然)		固	然

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gùrán

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ㄖㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gu³ jin⁴

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘-liân / kò͘-jiân

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gu³ riêng⁵ / gu³ riang⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ku-zoe

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gùrán
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄖㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gùrán
    • Wade–Giles: ku⁴-jan²
    • Yale: gù-rán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhran
    • Palladius: гужань (gužanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gu³ jin⁴
    • Yale: gu yìhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu³ jin⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu³ yin⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³³ jiːn²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-liân
    • Tâi-lô: kòo-liân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: korlieen
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-jiân
    • Tâi-lô: kòo-jiân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: korjieen
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡ziɛn¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɛn²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gu³ riêng⁵ / gu³ riang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù jiêng / kù jiâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zieŋ⁵⁵/, /ku²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

• gu3 riêng5 - Chaozhou;
• gu3 riang5 - Shantou.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵ku-zoe
    • MiniDict: ku^去 zoe
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ku-zoe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³³ zø⁴⁴/

Adverb

固然

1. admittedly; undoubtedly

Synonyms

• 當然／当然 (dāngrán)
• 自然 (zìrán)
• (Cantonese) 梗係／梗系
• (Cantonese) 實／实 (shí)
• (Hokkien) 在勢／在势

Conjunction

固然

1. it is true that; there is no doubt that

Synonyms

• (literary) 誠然／诚然 (chéngrán)

Related terms

• 雖然／虽然 (suīrán)