然
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Contents
TranslingualEdit
| Stroke order | |||
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| Stroke order | |||
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Han characterEdit
然 (radical 86 火+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 月大火 (BKF), four-corner 23333, composition ⿱肰灬)
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 675, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19149
- Dae Jaweon: page 1086, character 20
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 2213, character 5
- Unihan data for U+7136
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
然 | |
|---|---|---|
| alt. forms | 𤉷 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 然 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (肰) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 嘫 | *rneːn |
| 然 | *njen |
| 肰 | *njen |
| 繎 | *njon, *njen |
| 燃 | *njen |
| 蹨 | *njenʔ, *neːnʔ |
| 橪 | *njenʔ, *ʔneːn |
| 撚 | *neːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *njen): phonetic 肰 (OC *njen, “dog meat”) + semantic 火 (“fire”) – to burn. Also ideogrammic compound (會意). The derivative 燃 (OC *njen) stands for the original word in Modern Chinese.
Note that the upper left component is analyzed as 肉 (meat), and in the component 肰 it is drawn as a tilted 月 (“moon”), appearing more like 夕 (“evening”) with an extra stroke; compare 祭, 將.
PronunciationEdit
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jin4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yèn / yàn
- Min Bei (KCR): ǐng
- Min Dong (BUC): iòng
- Min Nan (POJ): liân / jiân
- Wu (Wiktionary): zoe (T3)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄢˊ
- Wade-Giles: jan2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ran
- IPA (key): /ʐa̠n³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: jin4
- Yale: yìhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: jin4
- Guangdong Romanization: yin4
- IPA (key): /jiːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yèn
- Hakka Romanization System: ienˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yan2
- IPA: /i̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàn
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)ianˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yan2
- IPA: /(j)i̯an¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǐng
- IPA (key): /iŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: iòng
- IPA (key): /yoŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: zoe (T3)
- IPA (key): /z̻ø²³/
- (Shanghainese)
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 然 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐan³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ʐan²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /ian⁴⁵/ /ʐan⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /ʐã⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /iã⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ʐan⁵³/ /ʐan⁴²/ ～而 | |
| Xi'an | /ʐã²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /ʐã²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ʐan⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ʐɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ʐan⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /nan²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /zan³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /zan²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /ʐã̠³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /ʐaŋ²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /ʐæ̃⁵⁵/ /ʐən⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zæ̃¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ʐɑŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ʐæ̃⁵³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zø²³/ |
| Suzhou | /zø¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /zz̩ʷõ²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ji³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ie⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | /iɛ⁴⁴/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /yẽ¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /iẽ¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lɛn⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ian¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /ʒen¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jin²¹/ |
| Nanning | /jin²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /jɐn²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /lian³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /yoŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /iŋ²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /ziaŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /zin³¹/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 如延切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ȵian/ |
| Li Rong |
/ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li |
/ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
rán |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
rán |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10756 |
| Phonetic component |
肰 |
| Rime group |
元 |
| Rime subdivision |
2 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
然 |
| Old Chinese |
/*njen/ |
DefinitionsEdit
然
- † so; thus; in this manner; like this
- 不然 ― bùrán ― or else, otherwise [lit. not so]
- † Suffix forming adverbs, sometimes also adjectives, with an abstract meaning of “in the manner of, like”.
- 果然 ― guǒrán ― as expected [lit. as a result]
- † but
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 然
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JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
然
- suffix after nouns to express likeness
- so, be as it is
- however (as shikashi)
- a certain thing
ReadingsEdit
- Goon: ねん (nen, Jōyō)
- Kan’on: ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
- Kun: もえる (moeru, 然える); しかれども (shikaredomo, 然れども); しかして (shikashite, 然して)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
EtymologyEdit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 然 |
| ぜん Grade: 4 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 然 (nyen, “-like”).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
- Indicates a state (no specific semantic content)
ReferencesEdit
- Halpern, Jack: New Japanese-English Character Dictionary -Kenkyusha 1990
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
然 • (yeon) (hangeul 연, revised yeon, McCune-Reischauer yŏn, Yale yen)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.