See also:
U+56FA, 固
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FA

[U+56F9]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+56FB]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 31, +5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 田十口 (WJR), four-corner 60604, composition )

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 218, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4745
  • Dae Jaweon: page 445, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 716, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+56FA

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kaːs): semantic + phonetic (OC *kaːʔ).

Etymology edit

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ka (earth; ground; soil). Compare Jingpho ga (earth), Garo ha (earth).

Pronunciation edit



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter kuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kuoH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kuoH/
Shao
Rongfen
/koH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kɔH/
Li
Rong
/koH/
Wang
Li
/kuH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gu3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ kuH ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ˁa-s/
English fortified, secure

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 4230
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kaːs/

Definitions edit

  1. firm; solid; strong
      ―  wěn  ―  stable
      ―  jiā  ―  to strengthen
  2. solid
      ―    ―  solid
      ―  níng  ―  to set; to solidify
  3. to solidify; to strengthen
      ―  běn  ―  to strengthen the foundation
  4. stubborn
      ―  wán  ―  stubborn
  5. firmly
      ―    ―  to firmly decline
  6. (literary) in the first place; all along
  7. (literary) no doubt

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. hard; to harden
  2. to set; to solidify

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Korean edit

Hanja edit

(eumhun 굳을 (gudeul go))

  1. Hanja form? of (solid).

Compounds edit

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

: Hán Nôm readings: cố, , cúa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.